Abstract
Lichens have recently received great attention due to their pharmacological potentials. The antigenotoxic potential of C. vitellina extract (25 and 50 µg/mL) was assessed in normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes (HPBL) against Mitomycin C (MMC) co-treatments. Flow cytometric analyses of cell cycle distribution, as well as apoptosis (Annexin V/PI), revealed that the extract had significantly (p ≤ 0.05) ameliorated the MMC toxicity by reducing the apoptotic cells and normalized the cell cycle phases. C. vitellina exhibited antigenotoxicity by ameliorating the diminished mitotic index and DNA single-strand breaks caused by MMC. Herein, the hydromethanolic extract (80%) of Candelariella vitellina (Japan) lichen, exhibited very low cytotoxicity towards normal human peripheral lymphocytes (HPBL) with IC50 >1000 µg/mL. In order to explore the antihelminthic effect, Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces were used in vitro. Eosin staining revealed significant (p ≤ 0.05) dose and time-dependent scolicidal effects of the extract confirmed by degenerative alterations as observed by electron scan microscopy. Furthermore, primary and secondary metabolites were investigated using GC-MS and qualitative HPLC, revealing the presence of sugars, alcohols, different phenolic acids and light flavonoids. Significant antioxidant capacities were also demonstrated by DPPH radical-scavenging assay. In conclusion, the promising antigenotoxic, antihelminthic and antioxidant potentials of C. vitellina extract encourage further studies to evaluate its possible therapeutic potency.
Highlights
Lichens are naturally produced from the symbiotic associations between algae and fungi [1]
Corresponding spots gave positive responses towards FeCl3 spray reagent, indicating the presence of light flavonoid derivatives that appeared under short UV light as dark purple spots which turned into yellow when fumed with ammonia vapor, while the intense blue green color indicating the presence of phenolic compounds
The results showed a significant (p ≤ 0.05) apoptotic DNA/sub-G1 accumulations in Mitomycin C (MMC)-treated cells when compared with the untreated group
Summary
Lichens are naturally produced from the symbiotic associations between algae and fungi [1]. Few studies were reported on the genotoxic as well as antigenotoxic activities of lichens. The first study to evaluate the genotoxic activity of the lichens secondary metabolites, physodic, and physodalic acids, was conducted in 1984 [8]. Effects of extraction and processing methods on antioxidant compound contents and radical scavenging activities of laver (Porphyra tenera). M.; Gülçin, I.; Küfrevioglu, Ö.I. Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seed extracts. Food phenolic compounds: Main classes, sources and their antioxidant power. Antioxidant activity of caffeic acid against iron-induced free radical generation—A chemical approach. G.E.; Momin, R.A.; Nair, M.G.; Dewitt, D.L. Antioxidant and cyclooxygenase activities of fatty acids found in food.
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