Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is a filamentous, saprophytic fungus, whose colonization occurs mainly in cereal grains and oilseeds once harvested. Under certain conditions, it could produce mycotoxins called aflatoxins, known as powerful human liver carcinogens. The aim of the present study was to describe the antifungal activity of extracts of Peltophorum dubium, a species from northern Argentina (Oriental Chaco), against A. flavus. The antifungal activities of different collection sites are reported. The extracts exhibited a minimum inhibitory concentration of 125 µg/mL, and the differences between the treatments and the inoculum control were 11 mm of P. dubium A and 10 mm of P. dubium F in colony growth. Moreover, hyphae treated with the extracts stained blue with Evans blue showed alterations in the membrane and/or cell wall, allowing the dye income. Bio-guided fractionation, High Performance Liquid Chromatography diode array ultraviolet/visible (HPLC UV/VIS DAD), and Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (UPLC ESI-MS) analyses were conducted to characterize the extracts and their active fractions. The HPLC UV/VIS DAD analysis allowed the determination of the presence of flavonoids (flavonols and flavones), coumarins, terpenes, and steroids. UPLC ESI/MS analysis of active fractions revealed the presence of Kaempferol, Apigenin, Naringenin, Chrysin and Daidzein.
Highlights
Millions of tons of cereals suffer some kind of deterioration, among others, due to the action of fungi that cause serious economic damage due to yield losses and/or alterations in the quality of the grains [1,2,3]
As for the staining technique with Evans blue dye, the hyphae of A. flavus, which were treated with the active extracts A and F at their respective Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), were stained blue and showed a noticeable change in their morphology, as is the case with the antifungal Ketoconazole
The chemical of theeconomic methanol great variety of diseases that(fractions affect plants can9).cause, on onecharacterization hand, considerable extracts and their active fractions were performed by high performance liquid losses for the farmer, due to the decrease of his production, and it can originate controversies at chromatography diode array ultraviolet/visible
Summary
Millions of tons of cereals suffer some kind of deterioration, among others, due to the action of fungi that cause serious economic damage due to yield losses and/or alterations in the quality of the grains [1,2,3]. Plants 2020, 9, 438 grain deterioration and mycotoxin formation [5], such as aflatoxins (AF), may occur This group of substances, produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, are known for their high toxicity for both humans and animals [6,7] and can cause functional, biochemical, or morphological alteration, generating teratogenesis and mutagenesis, making the liver the mainly affected organ. They induce the formation of tumors in the kidney, colon, and lung [8,9]. These toxins appear very frequently and in varying concentrations in cereals, causing losses in commercialization and exportation
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