Abstract
Phytomedicines are becoming more popular in treatment of infectious diseases worldwide. Cinnamomum verum essential oil (EO) has been used as a therapeutic alternative for various diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of the C. verum leaf EO against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Effect of EO vapor on planktonic cells was determined using microatmosphere technique. CLSI M7-A10 method was employed in Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) experiments. Effect of EO on established biofilms was quantified and visualized using XTT and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). In-vitro toxicity was evaluated using Human Keratinocytes (HaCaT). Chemical analysis of EO was done using Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). All tested strains were sensitive to cinnamon oil vapor. EO exhibited 0.5 and 1.0 mg/mL MIC and MBC against all test strains. Minimum Biofilm Inhibitory and Biofilm Eradication Concentrations (MBIC50 and MBEC) were 1.0 and 4.0 mg/mL. SEM indicated cellular shrinkages, cell wall damages, and decreased biofilm densities. Cinnamon oil didn't show any toxicity on HaCaT cell at any concentration tested. Eugenol was the most abundant compound in C. verum oil. C. verum EO shows an antibacterial and antibiofilm activity with minimal toxicity on host.
Highlights
IntroductionWith the arbitrary use of available antimicrobial therapeutics and patients’ noncompliance, antibiotic resistance is becoming an emerging health issue all over the world (Darwish et al 2014, Karakonstantis & Kalemaki 2019)
Microorganisms have a great significance on human health
Antibacterial effect of C. verum leaf essential oil (EO) vapor All three test strains showed a zone of growth inhibition on agar surface after the 24 h exposure to the cinnamon leaf EO vapor, which indicates the antibacterial effect of C. verum leaf EO vapor against planktonic cells of P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and K. pneumoniae
Summary
With the arbitrary use of available antimicrobial therapeutics and patients’ noncompliance, antibiotic resistance is becoming an emerging health issue all over the world (Darwish et al 2014, Karakonstantis & Kalemaki 2019). The easy accessibility, high efficacy, low toxicity to the human body and low antimicrobial resistance are some contributory factors for the high popularity of herbal natural antibiotics as therapeutic alternatives (Salam & Quave 2018, Tsao & Zhou 2007). Oils extracted from C. verum leaves exhibit various medicinal properties such as anti-parasitic effect, anti-cancer, antiglycaemic and anti-lipaemic effect, activity against neurodegenerative and cardiovascular pathologies, blood pressure regulation, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect (Haddi et al 2017, Rao & Gan 2014, Ranasinghe et al 2013, 2016)
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