In vitro anti-prostate cancer and ex vivo antiangiogenic activity of Vernonia guineensis Benth. (Asteraceae) tuber extracts

Abstract

Ethnopharmacological relevanceProstate cancer is a major problem worldwide and affects most men above the age of forty-five. Vernonia guineensis Benth. (Asteraceae) root decoction is used in folk medicine in Cameroon to treat a number of ailments including prostate cancer. The aim of this study was to provide a preliminary validation of the use of Vernonia guineensis Benth. extracts to treat prostate cancer by evaluating the in vitro activity of its crude extracts and isolated molecules on prostate cancer cells lines and effect on angiogenesis which is essential for growth and metastases of prostate cancer. Materials and methodsAqueous, dichloromethane and methanol extracts of Vernonia guineensis Benth. tubers were tested for activity against three prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3, DU-145 and AT3B-1). The dichloromethane extract was subjected to bioactivity guided fractionation. Anti-proliferation, clonogenic and antiangiogenic activity of the crude extracts and isolated compound were tested. The WST-1 assay was used for the anti-proliferation activity meanwhile the standard clonogenic test and the rat ring aorta assay were carried out to determine the clonogenic and antiangiogenic activity of tested products respectively. ResultsThe aqueous and methanol extracts of Vernonia guineensis Benth. demonstrated weak activity against prostate cancer cell lines in vitro with IC50>100μg/mL. The dichloromethane extract was more potent with IC50 of 56.233±3.630μg/ml and 67.316±2.452μg/ml against the DU-145 and PC-3 cell lines respectively. Activity guided fractionation of this extract yielded a Pentaisovalerylsucrose (1) isolated for the first time from a natural source to the best of our knowledge. Compound 1 demonstrated in vitro activity against the human prostate cancer cell lines PC-3 and DU-145 with IC50 of 5.701±0.142μM and 4.275±0.710μM, respectively. The IC50 of the compound was 5.763±0.425μM against AT3B-1, a rat prostate cancer cell line expressing P-glycoprotein which is linked to drug resistance in most metastatic cancers. Compared to compound 1, Paclitaxel and Docetaxel were active against AT3B-1 at 2.641±1.253μM and 0.613±0.251μM. Paclitaxel showed IC50 values of 0.004±0.002μM and 0.003±0.001μM against DU-145 and PC-3 prostate cancer cell lines respectively. Docetaxel showed IC50 values of 0.002±0.001μM and 0.004±0.001μM against DU-145 and PC-3 prostate cancer cell lines respectively. ConclusionThe in vitro anti-prostate cancer and the antiangiogenic activity of Vernonia guineensis Benth. extracts and isolated compound support the use of the tubers of this plant for the treatment of prostate cancer.