Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is the only available remedial measure to treat HIV infected patients, as recognized by the WHO. However, it is associated with toxicity (nephrotoxicity), high cost and most preferably drug resistance in the first-line treatment. Wherefore, potential and novel natural source is the only option for the modern world to challenge this global issue. In recent years, sulfated polysaccharide from marine macroalgae shown to be biologically active as anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, antitumor, immunomodulatory and antiviral agents. As a direct inhibitor of HIV including other retroviruses, it is considered as a “new generation antiretroviral drug”. In our present study, Fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide has been extracted from two different macroalgae Dictyota bartayesiana (DD) and Turbinaria decurrens (TD) based on hot water extraction method and further confirmed by FT-IR and RP-HPLC methods. Both the crude and purified fucoidan samples were evaluated for anti-HIV activity after ion exchange chromatography purification. The maximum inhibitory activity of crude and purified fucoidan samples are 90.5% and 89% in the fucoidan extracts of DD. Whereas, it was 89.7% and 92% in the fucoidan extracts of TD. Simultaneously, the IC50 values were determined and recorded as 1.56 µg/ml and 57.6 ng/ml in both the crude and purified fucoidan extracts of DD respectively. Similarly, for TD, it was 3 µg/ml and 131.7 ng/ml in the fucoidan extracts of TD. Therefore, further extensive research work is the most needful to fill the gaps to develop this sulfated polysaccharide as a potential drug for the treatment of HIV patients.
Highlights
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a deadly viral disease that dwells on human immune system has widely dispersed to 36.9 million people around the globe caused by a lentivirus popularly known by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)[1]
The shade dried biomasses of two brown macroalgae different macroalgae Dictyota bartayesiana (DD) and Turbinaria decurrens (TD) were grounded to fine powder using a mortar and pestle for the extraction of sulfated polysaccharide
The Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) results confirmed the presence of sulfate content in the crude extracts of DD and TD by the occurrence of organic sulfate groups which coincides with the results reported previously by Sinha et al.[38]
Summary
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a deadly viral disease that dwells on human immune system has widely dispersed to 36.9 million people around the globe caused by a lentivirus popularly known by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)[1]. Less nephrotoxic drugs and simultaneously frequent monitoring of the kidney is preferable for HAART treatment www.nature.com/scientificreports/. Gregson et al.[9] reported drug resistance in the first-line HAART treatment using tenofovir in the low socio-economic people. This tends us to carry out a research work on the search for some novel anti-HIV therapeutics from the potent natural resources. Brown algae are recorded to accumulate high quantity of sulfated polysaccharides including laminarin, fucoidan and alginates which have anti-HIV activity with wide spectrum of action mechanism[11]. Effective antiviral property of sulfated polysaccharide from macroalgae was reported against human cytomegalovirus and HSV-1 and HSV-2 (Herpes Simplex Virus)[13]. The sulfated polysaccharide from macroalgae were reported to hamper the replication of retrovirus such as HIV, HSV, respiratory syncytial virus, cytomegalovirus and even dengue virus[15,16,17]
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