Abstract
Viral interference is a common occurrence that has been reported in cell culture in many cases. In the present study, viral interference between two capripox viruses (sheeppox SPPV and lumpy skin disease virus LSDV in cattle) with Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) was investigated in vitro and in their natural hosts, sheep and cattle. A combination of SPPV/RVFV and LSDV/RVFV was used to co-infect susceptible cells and animals to detect potential competition. In-vitro interference was evaluated by estimating viral infectivity and copies of viral RNA by a qPCR during three serial passages in cell cultures, whereas in-vivo interference was assessed through antibody responses to vaccination. When lamb testis primary cells were infected with the mixture of capripox and RVFV, the replication of both SPPV and LSDV was inhibited by RVFV. In animals, SPPV/RVFV or LSDV/RVFV combinations inhibited the replication SPPV and LSDV and the antibody response following vaccination. The combined SPPV/RVFV did not protect sheep after challenging with the virulent strain of SPPV and the LSDV/RVFV did not induce interferon Gamma to LSDV, while immunological response to RVFV remain unaffected. Our goal was to assess this interference response to RVFV/capripoxviruses’ coinfection in order to develop effective combined live-attenuated vaccines as a control strategy for RVF and SPP/LSD diseases. Our findings indicated that this approach was not suitable for developing a combined SPPV/LSDV/RVFV vaccine candidate because of interference of replication and the immune response among these viruses.
Highlights
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is transmitted mainly by mosquitoes and causes severe Rift Valley fever (RVF) disease among humans and animals[1]
The susceptibility of Lamb testis (LT) cells to SPPV, lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) and RVFV infection was evaluated by the appearance of cytopathic effect (CPE) and the level of virus accumulation
When the SPPV/LSDV were combined with RVFV clone 13 T at similar multiplicity of infection (MOI), necrotic foci consisted of the major observed CPE
Summary
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is transmitted mainly by mosquitoes and causes severe Rift Valley fever (RVF) disease among humans and animals[1]. Sheep and goat pox (SGP) and lumpy skin Disease (LSD) are acute contagious diseases that cause papule and pustule lesions of the skin and mucous m embranes[5]. As a result, these diseases are responsible for enormous economic losses due to damage of the skin, reduced milk yield, mastitis, lowered fertility, and sometimes death due to secondary bacterial infections. We combined SPPV/RVFV and LSDV/RVFV to perform coinfection of susceptible cells and animals, sheep and cattle, to investigate the potential for interference of the replication of these viruses. In-vitro interference was evaluated based on estimates of infectivity determined the co-titration of SPPV/RVFV and LSDV/RVFV after three passages in lamb testis cell cultures and in-vivo interference was assessed based on the immunological response after co-injection of sheep and cattle with combination of these viruses
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