In vitro and in vivo evaluation of WGA–carbopol modified liposomes as carriers for oral peptide delivery

Abstract

Surface modification of liposomal nanocarriers with a novel polymer–lectin conjugate was proposed for enhancing the systemic uptake of encapsulated peptide and protein therapeutics after oral administration. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) was covalently attached to carbopol (CP) using the carbodiimide method. The prepared WGA–CP conjugate retained the biological cell binding activity of WGA without any evidence of cytotoxicity to Caco-2 monolayers. Cationic liposomes in the size range of 100nm were prepared by the lipid film hydration method followed by probe sonication and surface modification with negatively charged WGA–CP. The uptake of WGA–CP liposomes by Caco-2 cells was significantly higher than that of non-modified or CP liposomes. The uptake was dependent on the surface concentration of WGA, temperature, and incubation period and was significantly inhibited in the presence of chlorpromazine and 10-fold excess of free WGA. These results suggest the involvement of active transport mechanism for the cellular uptake of the modified liposomes, mediated mainly by binding of WGA to its specific cell membrane receptors. Dual channel confocal microscopy confirmed the simultaneous association and internalization of the polymer conjugate and the liposomal carrier by Caco-2 cells and intestinal membrane of rats. In addition, the pharmacological efficacy of calcitonin, a model peptide drug, was enhanced by more than 20- and 3-fold following peroral administration of calcitonin-loaded WGA–CP liposomes when compared to non-modified and CP liposomes, respectively.