Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a common symptom and is associated with an impaired quality of life. It is caused by the lesion or disease of the somatosensory system. Neuropathic pain syndromes can be subdivided into two categories: central and peripheral neuropathic pain. The present review highlights the peripheral neuropathic models, including spared nerve injury, spinal nerve ligation, partial sciatic nerve injury, diabetes-induced neuropathy, chemotherapy-induced neuropathy, chronic constriction injury, and related conditions. The drugs which are currently used to attenuate peripheral neuropathy, such as antidepressants, anticonvulsants, baclofen, and clonidine, are associated with adverse side effects. These negative side effects necessitate the investigation of alternative therapeutics for treating neuropathic pain conditions. Flavonoids have been reported to alleviate neuropathic pain in murine models. The present review elucidates that several flavonoids attenuate different peripheral neuropathic pain conditions at behavioral, electrophysiological, biochemical and molecular biological levels in different murine models. Therefore, the flavonoids hold future promise and can be effectively used in treating or mitigating peripheral neuropathic conditions. Thus, future studies should focus on the structure-activity relationships among different categories of flavonoids and develop therapeutic products that enhance their antineuropathic effects.
Highlights
Pain is defined as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, as described in terms of such damage” by the International Association for the Study of Pain [1]
Pain has been classified as acute vs. chronic based on duration only, not location or cause; bone or joint, cutaneous, deep or superficial, muscle or viscera based on location; and inflammatory, neuropathic or cancer based on cause or type [2]
Flavonoids are further classified into different sub-groups, such as anthocyanins, chalcones, flavanones, flavones, flavonols, flavan-3-ol, and isoflavones based on the hydroxylation pattern and chromane ring/ring C
Summary
Pain is defined as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, as described in terms of such damage” by the International Association for the Study of Pain [1]. The present review will focus on the flavonoids, mainly anthocyanins, chalcones, flavanones, flavones, flavonols, flavan-3-ol, and isoflavones and their effects on different peripheral neuropathic pain conditions. Flavonoids are further classified into different sub-groups, such as anthocyanins, chalcones, flavanones, flavones, flavonols, flavan-3-ol, and isoflavones based on the hydroxylation pattern and chromane ring/ring C. Isoflavones are predominantly found in Leguminous plants, mainly in soybeans Another sub-group of flavonoids are flavanonols or dihydroflavonols, which include flavanones and their 3-hydroxy derivatives. Taxifolin is an example of a well-known flavanonol found in citrus fruit [30,31] Flavones, including their 3-hydrozy derivatives (flavonols), glycosides, methoxides, and other acylated products constitute the largest sub-group among all polyphenols.
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