Abstract
Beta-tricalcium phosphate bioceramics are widely used as bone replacement scaffolds in bone tissue engineering. The purpose of this study is to develop beta-tricalcium phosphate scaffold with the optimum mechanical properties and porosity and to identify the effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine loaded to beta-tricalcium phosphate scaffold on the enhancement of biocompatibility. The various interconnected porous scaffolds were fabricated using slurries containing various concentrations of beta-tricalcium phosphate and different coating times by replica method using polyurethane foam as a passing material. It was confirmed that the scaffold of 40 w/v% beta-tricalcium phosphate with three coating times had optimum microstructure and mechanical properties for bone tissue engineering application. The various concentration of N-acetyl-L-cysteine was loaded on 40 w/v% beta-tricalcium phosphate scaffold. Scaffold group loaded 5 mM N-acetyl-L-cysteine showed the best viability of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblastic cells in the water-soluble tetrazolium salt assay test.
Highlights
Bone tissue engineering is emerging as a significant potential alternative or complementary solution to repairing diseased or damaged tissue, enabling full recovery of the original state and function [1]
Among the Calcium phosphate ceramics (CPCs), beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) bioceramics are widely used for hard tissue regeneration due to their excellent biocompatibility and their close similarity to biological apatite present in human bones [4, 5]. β-TCP is known to be highly resorbable in vivo with new bone ingrowths replacing the implanted β-TCP, which contributes significant advantage to β-TCP compared to unresorbable biomedical materials [4, 6]
5 g of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) as binder was added in 100 ml of ethanol (C2H6O, Mallinckrodt Baker Inc, Malaysia) and vigorously stirred for 3 h, and the given weight of β-TCP and 5 g of triphenyl phosphate (TEP) [(C6H5O)3PO, SigmaAldrich, USA] additive for increase in the fluidity of material were added
Summary
Bone tissue engineering is emerging as a significant potential alternative or complementary solution to repairing diseased or damaged tissue, enabling full recovery of the original state and function [1]. The mechanical strength of the scaffolds was usually low due to high porosity, large pore size, and interconnected structures. To overcome these limitations, a number of studies have been focused on improving mechanical strength of β-TCP bioceramics [9,10,11]. A number of studies have been focused on improving mechanical strength of β-TCP bioceramics [9,10,11] Several fabrication techniques, such as replication of polymer foams [12], freeze casting [13], gel-casting foaming [14, 15], and foaming with employment of several pore creating additives [16, 17], have been developed to control pore sizes, porosity, pores interconnectivity, and mechanical strength of β-TCP scaffold. A porosity of 90% was recommended for optimum diffusive transport within a cellscaffolds construct under in vitro conditions [20]
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