Abstract
In addition to good mechanical properties needed for three-dimensional tissue engineering, the combination of alginate dialdehyde, gelatin and nano-scaled bioactive glass (45S5) is supposed to combine excellent cellular adhesion, proliferation and differentiation properties, good biocompatibility and predictable degradation rates. The goal of this study was to evaluate thein vitro and in vivo biocompatibility as a first step on the way to its use as a scaffold in bone tissue engineering. In vitro evaluation showed good cell adherence and proliferation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells seeded on covalently crosslinked alginate dialdehyde-gelatin (ADA-GEL) hydrogel films with and without 0.1% nano-Bioglass®(nBG). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)- and mitochondrial activity significantly increased in both ADA-GEL and ADA-GEL-nBG groups compared to alginate. However, addition of 0.1% nBG seemed to have slight cytotoxic effect compared to ADA-GEL. In vivo implantation did not produce a significant inflammatory reaction, and ongoing degradation could be seen after four weeks. Ongoing vascularization was detected after four weeks. The good biocompatibility encourages future studies using ADA-GEL and nBG for bone tissue engineering application.
Highlights
Alginate is a polysaccharide found in brown seaweeds (Laminaria sp., Macrocystis sp., Lessonia sp.and others)
Sodium metaperiodate and calcium chloride di-hydrate (CaCl2 2H2O) were purchased from VWR international (Leuven, Belgium). 45S5 nBG was synthesized by flame pyrolysis [21] and received from ETH (Zurich, Switzerland)
The increase of the mitochondrial and Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on alginate dialdehyde-gelatin (ADA-GEL) hydrogel compared to alginate can be explained by the high biodegradability and the RGD
Summary
Alginate is a polysaccharide found in brown seaweeds (Laminaria sp., Macrocystis sp., Lessonia sp.and others). The ability to form hydrogels in the presence of calcium ions that can be modulated into various shapes, the good in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility, low toxicity and its low price make alginate a promising candidate for tissue engineering applications [1,2,3,4]. Alginate shows a low viscosity, making precise 3D printing difficult [2]. It does not degrade, but rather dissolves in surrounding physiological media of mammals and remains in the body [5]. Another limitation is that it does not promote cell interactions [6], which is a crucial feature in tissue engineering.
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