Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that predominates, nowadays. It causes hyperglycemia and consequently major health complications. Type II diabetes is the most common form and is a result of insulin resistance in the target tissues. To treat this disease, several mechanisms have been proposed. The most direct route is via inhibiting the intestinal enzymes, e.g., α-glucosidase and α-amylase, responsible for intestinal polysaccharide digestion that therefore would reduce the absorption of monosugars through the intestinal walls. In this study, we shed the light on this route by testing the inhibitory effect of Ocimum basilicum extract on the enzymes α-glucosidase and α-amylase in vitro and in silico. Experimental procedures were performed to test the effect of the O. basilicum methanol extract from aerial parts followed by the in silico docking. 500 μg/mL of the extract led to 70.2% ± 8.6 and 25.4% ± 3.3 inhibition on α-glucosidase and α-amylase activity, respectively. Similarly, the effect of caffeic acid, a major extract ingredient, was also tested, and it caused 42.7% ± 3.0 and 47.1% ± 4.0 inhibition for α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively. Docking experiments were performed to predict the phytochemicals responsible for this robust inhibitory activity in the O. basilicum extracts. Several compounds have shown variable levels of inhibition, e.g., caffeic acid, pyroglutamic acid, and uvasol. The results indicated that O. basilicum can be a potent antidiabetic drug.

Highlights

  • Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder

  • We examined the inhibitory effect of methanol O. basilicum extract on α-glucosidase and α-amylase in vitro and in silico

  • We have recently reported the phytochemical analysis of O. basilicum [18] with the objective to identify more potential antidiabetic active compounds; the methanol O. basilicum extract from dried aerial parts was tested in vitro and in situ. e potential inhibitory effect of the extract on α-amylase and α-glucosidase was examined as described in the Materials and Methods section

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Summary

Introduction

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder. A major consequence of this disorder is the distorted carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism and the increased levels of serum glucose. Is would result in hyperglycemia and elevated plasma LDL [1], which would cause damage in blood vessels and microvascular and macrovascular disorders, including atherosclerosis, retinopathy, and nephropathy. Ese complications are the major causes of mortality in patients with diabetes [3]. In type I diabetes, which has a low prevalence, the pancreatic β-cells are labeled for destruction by the immune system, and insulin levels are distorted [4, 5]. E more common form, type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), mainly results from insulin resistance in the target tissues [6]. A major consequence of this insulin disorder is an imbalance in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. Prolonged hyperglycemia leads to the destruction of blood vessels and destruction in the heart, eyes, kidneys, and nervous system [3]

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