In vitro and in cellulo anti-diabetic activity of AuI- and AuIII-isothiourea complexes

Abstract

About 100 million people worldwide have type II diabetes (T2D), making it one of the most common metabolic diseases. DPP-IV (dipeptidyl peptidase-IV) inhibitors are new class of anti-diabetic drugs. Gold complexes are known for diverse biological activities. Considering these precedents, and growing interest in developing metal-based enzyme inhibitors, we report here the DPP-IV inhibitory potential of cationic, and neutral chiral gold (I), and gold (III) isothiourea complexes. Colorimetric assay with recombinant DPP-IV enzyme was employed for initial screening. Kinetic based mechanistic studies were also performed on most active complexes. Efficiency of identified inhibitors in biological environment was assessed in in cellulo assay, using Caco-2 cell line. These complexes showed a good to moderate inhibition of DPP-IV with IC50 values in the range of 22.0-99.0 µM, as compared to standard inhibitor, sitagliptin (IC50 = 0.033 ± 0.04 µM). It was observed that steric, and electronic properties of the isothiourea ligands have profound effect on the DPP-IV inhibitory activity of these complexes. To the best of our knowledge this study reports for the first time isothiourea-based gold complexes as inhibitors of DPP-IV enzyme. These results thus provide an approach for exploring new insights into the development of effective agents against diabetes using incretin-based therapy.