In-vehicle human–machine interface guidelines for augmented reality head-up displays: A review, guideline formulation, and future research directions

Abstract

BackgroundThe augmented reality head-up display (AR-HUD) recently emerged as a state-of-the-art in-vehicle display. However, no comprehensive guidelines apply to the human–machine interface for AR-HUD. ObjectiveWe formulated guidelines for the human-vehicle interface to develop an AR-HUD. MethodsA review of existing literature on AR-HUD and applicable human factors and human–computer interaction guidelines was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach. In total, 121 articles were selected, and an initial set of guidelines for developing an AR-HUD was drawn up. We analyzed AR-HUD development and categorized the articles based on HMI features relevant to in-vehicle AR-HUD: virtual image distance, field of view, and brightness. Furthermore, research findings on projected information and legibility were investigated. ResultsNine guidelines were devised for developing the AR-HUD human–machine interface. This study also compared the traditional AR-HUD and windshield AR-HUD, defining the requirements for future studies using the term AR-HUD and providing a framework for AR-HUD design. ConclusionsExisting research on AR-HUD is limited. Future research is needed on virtual image distance, field of view, brightness, and legibility. The findings of this study could be used to guide the design of a full-windshield AR-HUD interface and future research.