Abstract
Knowledge on relations between particle properties and dissolution/transformation characteristics of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) in freshwater is important for risk assessment and product development. This critical review aims to elucidate nanospecific effects on dissolution of metallic NPs in freshwater and similar media. Dissolution rate constants are compiled and analyzed for NPs of silver (Ag), copper (Cu), copper oxide/hydroxide (CuO, Cu(OH)2), zinc oxide (ZnO), manganese (Mn), and aluminum (Al), showing largely varying (orders of magnitude) constants when modeled using first order kinetics. An effect of small primary sizes (<15 nm) was observed, leading to increased dissolution rate constants and solubility in some cases. However, the often extensive particle agglomeration can result in reduced nanospecific effects on dissolution and also an increased uncertainty related to the surface area, a parameter that largely influence the extent of dissolution. Promising ways to model surface areas of NPs in solution using fractal dimensions and size distributions are discussed in addition to nanospecific aspects related to other processes such as corrosion, adsorption of natural organic matter (NOM), presence of capping agents, and existence of surface defects. The importance of the experimental design on the results of dissolution experiments of metal and metal oxide NPs is moreover highlighted, including the influence of ionic metal solubility and choice of particle dispersion methodology.
Highlights
Nanoparticles (NPs) are intentionally used in a large variety of societal applications such as consumer products but can be diffusely dispersed at occupational settings, from industrial waste, and in the traffic environment.[1−6] As engineered metallic NPs are produced in increasing quantities, there is an evident need for improved knowledge on their environmental fate and potential hazard.[7]
There are many characteristics and phenomena that have nanospecific attributes when it comes to NP dissolution.[9,11,13,23−28] With nanospecific attributes, we mean effects that are related to the small-scale of NPs that result in a significantly different behavior compared with larger sized particles or bulk material.[27−29] An overview of some of these attributes and phenomena governing NP
Different protocols exist for improving the homogeneity of the dispersion and the reproducibility of the dispersion process.[64−66] One key aspect to consider during such preparation, which is normally not stipulated in any protocol, is that dissolution of the NPs may take place already during the sonication step
Summary
Nanoparticles (NPs) are intentionally used in a large variety of societal applications such as consumer products but can be diffusely dispersed at occupational settings, from industrial waste, and in the traffic environment.[1−6] As engineered metallic NPs are produced in increasing quantities, there is an evident need for improved knowledge on their environmental fate and potential hazard.[7].
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