Abstract
This study presents the results of a four-year field experiment assessing the effectiveness of phosphorus application in maize cultivation according to the depth of two-component fertilizer (NP) placement in the soil layer, type of nitrogen fertilizer and date of application. Nitrogen utilization from mineral fertilizer was low—on average, 37.1% during the four years of research. The nitrogen metabolism index, measuring the agricultural and physiological efficiency of nitrogen use, confirmed the significant impact of NP fertilizer placement at 10 and 5 cm as optimal in maize fertilization. The use of nitrogen in maize cultivation before sowing, compared to the application of this component at the phase of 5-6 leaves BBCH 15/16 stage (stage of leaf development with five–six leaves unfolded), significantly increased the agricultural and physiological effectiveness of nitrogen applied in mineral fertilizer. Ammonium nitrate application before sowing the maize, compared to top dressing at the BBCH 15/16 stage, significantly increased nitrogen uptake and utilization from mineral fertilizer. Date of urea fertilizer application to the soil did not have a significant impact on these indicators in maize cultivation.
Highlights
Nitrogen supplied to soil in the form of mineral fertilizers is not fully utilized by crops [1]
The above-mentioned statement was confirmed in our research, which demonstrated that row application of nitrogen was more effective in maize cultivation compared to broadcast nitrogen application
Nitrogen accumulation in maize grain clearly depended on the depth of NP fertilization in the soil profile, indicating a slight advantage of the 5-cm depth
Summary
Nitrogen supplied to soil in the form of mineral fertilizers is not fully utilized by crops [1]. According to Abbasi et al [3], more than 50% of nitrogen fertilizer applied worldwide is not utilized by plants, and the uptake of this nutrient by maize is approximately 50%. In order to reduce the production of excessive amounts of mineral forms of nitrogen in the soil, it is necessary to correctly determine the optimal doses of nitrogen fertilizers, taking into account the physicochemical properties of the soil, the type of nitrogen fertilizer and plant nutritional needs [6]. The doses of mineral fertilizers, including nitrogen fertilizers, are determined according to the nutritional
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