Abstract
Augmented Reality (AR) headsets have become the most ergonomic and efficient visualization devices to support complex manual tasks performed under direct vision. Their ability to provide hands-free interaction with the augmented scene makes them perfect for manual procedures such as surgery. This study demonstrates the reliability of an AR head-mounted display (HMD), conceived for surgical guidance, in navigating in-depth high-precision manual tasks guided by a 3D ultrasound imaging system. The integration between the AR visualization system and the ultrasound imaging system provides the surgeon with real-time intra-operative information on unexposed soft tissues that are spatially registered with the surrounding anatomic structures. The efficacy of the AR guiding system was quantitatively assessed with an in vitro study simulating a biopsy intervention aimed at determining the level of accuracy achievable. In the experiments, 10 subjects were asked to perform the biopsy on four spherical lesions of decreasing sizes (10, 7, 5, and 3 mm). The experimental results showed that 80% of the subjects were able to successfully perform the biopsy on the 5 mm lesion, with a 2.5 mm system accuracy. The results confirmed that the proposed integrated system can be used for navigation during in-depth high-precision manual tasks.
Highlights
Obtained was 8.69 px, with a minimum value of 4.08 px and a maximum value of 10.95 px, which corresponded to a mean target visualization error in 3D (TVE3D) of 2.02 mm, with a minimum of 0.87 mm and a maximum of 2.79 mm
All of the participants were able to perform the biopsy task within an accuracy of 5 mm, 90% of them performed it within an accuracy of 3.5 mm, 80% of the subjects stayed within an accuracy of 2.5 mm, and 40% of the subjects were able to achieve an accuracy of up to 1.5 mm
We proposed the use of an Augmented Reality (AR) surgical navigation platform and a customized AR
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Augmented Reality (AR) gives the user the sense that virtual objects co-exist with real ones in the physical world. The user’s perception of the surrounding environment is enhanced by overlaying contextually relevant computer-generated information, providing an interactive experience [1,2]. AR is a key asset for developing new human–
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