Abstract
ABSTRACTThe dual ion implantation of Ti and C into 304 stainless steel has been found to reduce friction and wear in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). The implantation treatment producing this result, 4.6 × 1017 Ti/cm2 (180 keV) followed by 2.0 × 1017 C/cm2 (50 keV), produced TiC precipitates dispersed in an amorphous surface layer. Friction and wear track compositions were measured in situ with a scanning Auger microprobe without removing the pin from the track. This treatment decreased the friction coefficient from 1.2 to 0.6–0.8 and the wear track width from 342 μm to 225 pm after 1000 cycles. Relative to unimplanted 304, wear tracks formed in UHV and air on implanted ‘304 had more N and less C. Oxygen and the metallic elements were similar in concentration, except for the presence of implanted Ti. Friction coefficients measured in air were less than those in UHV; track composition suggests that oxides or adsorbed moisture helped lower the friction in air.
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