Abstract
An in situ tracing study based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was conducted to investigate the uptake and elimination of organophosphorus pesticides in apples. A matrix-compatible polydimethylsiloxane/poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene)/polydimethylsiloxane fiber was produced to meet the needs of in situ sampling. The fiber had high extraction ability, good sensitivity and accuracy with respect to the analytes in apple pulp, and could be used 85 times. Although the sampling rate was changing over time, quantification was still achieved by the sampling rate calibration method. Some factors that affect its applicability were studied. The limits of detection were 0.18 ng/g for diazinon and 0.20 ng/g for chlorpyrifos, rather lower than the maximum residue limits of the National Food Safety Standard of China (GB 2763-2016) and the European Commission (Reg.(EU) No 834/2013, 2018/686). The accuracy of in situ SPME quantification was verified by comparing with the results obtained by the traditional liquid–liquid extraction method. In this work, the in situ sampling method is developed using apples, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos as a model system; however, this method can be used for in vivo analysis of fruits and vegetables for nutrition and safety monitoring.
Highlights
The development of microsampling tools that allow for real-time monitoring of samples including living systems in natural environments is currently an important research topic in analytical chemistry.It is especially necessary for living subjects and unstable compounds because traditional analytical methods damage the samples and involve multifarious pre-treatment steps, which could affect the number and concentration of targeted compounds due to metabolism, stress response, biochemical reactions, and sample loss
As the matrix effect is drastically minimized or avoided, Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) can be directly combined with mass spectrometry, which dispenses with matrix pretreatment and chromatographic separation, and improves the throughput of the analytical procedure [22]
Strategies to Ensure the Lifetime of the Fiber in Apple Matrix
Summary
The development of microsampling tools that allow for real-time monitoring of samples including living systems in natural environments is currently an important research topic in analytical chemistry. As the matrix effect is drastically minimized or avoided, SPME can be directly combined with mass spectrometry, which dispenses with matrix pretreatment and chromatographic separation, and improves the throughput of the analytical procedure [22] This fiber has been commercialized owing to its robust endurance for DI-SPME, which makes an important step towards in vivo/in situ analysis. The research and development of calibration methods is far from sufficient to satisfy in vivo/in situ SPME sampling of various living organisms. In situ sampling was applied in this study, this method is unquestionable to be used for in vivo analysis of apples and other fruits and vegetables, both for nutrition and security monitoring
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