In situ pre-concentration and voltammetric determination of trace lead and cadmium by a novel ionic liquid mediated hollow fiber-graphite electrode and design of experiments via Taguchi method

Abstract

In this research a single-use voltammetry sensor, incorporating a three electrodes configuration was developed, using ionic liquid mediated hollow fiber-graphite supported nanomagnetite working electrode. These electrodes coupled with differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) provided a screening tool for in-situ pre-concentration and determination of trace levels of Pb(II) and Cd(II). In this design, a two-centimeter piece of porous polypropylene hollow fiber membrane was impregnated with homogeneous mixture of nanomagnetic particles/ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate), and a graphite rod was located inside the fiber lumen. In this sensor, synthesized nanoparticles such as zero-valent Iron (ZVI), nanomagnetite (NM) and magnetic hollow spheres (MHS), dispersed in the ionic liquid, were used for one-step simultaneous purification, pre-concentration and trapping of pb(II) and Cd(II) ions from water samples. The Taguchi method was applied as an experimental design to determine optimum conditions for lead and cadmium ions removal. The experiments were designed, in two steps, according to Taguchi's method, OA16 L18 (21×35) and OA16 L16 (21×43) orthogonal were arrayed to the optimize experimental runs. Various affective parameters were investigated. The effect of all the input parameters on the output responses was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results revealed that the metal removal was influenced primarily by the amount of nanoparticle (52.18%) and agitation rate (19.71%). The extraction time (8.97%) and mercury acetate concentration in the electrolyte (7.6%) had little significant influence on metal removal efficiency. The performance characteristics of the developed method were evaluated by assessing response linearity and precision. The method was suitable for the quantitation of pb(II) and Cd(II) ions in the concentration range of 2–13000ng.mL−1 and 0.6–6500ng.mL−1 for Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions respectively. The detection limits recorded for Cd(II) and Pb(II) were 0.61 and 0.19ng.mL−1 with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 4.6%, and 2.3%, respectively. Moreover, successful applications of the sensing device to real water samples were demonstrated.