Abstract
Raman spectroscopy, particle vision and measurement (PVM), and infrared spectroscopy have already been used singularly to detect nucleation and polymorphic transformations during crystallization processes as well as to analyze powder mixtures of multiple polymorphic forms. However, a comprehensive study and comparison of these techniques used simultaneously with integration of the signals during polymorphic transformation has not been performed to date. The aim of the present work is to compare the effectiveness of Raman spectroscopy, near-infrared spectroscopy, and PVM to detect nucleation and polymorphic transformations during crystallization processes. The information from focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) and attenuated total reflection ultraviolet/visible (ATR-UV/vis) probes were also used simultaneously in the same system to validate and integrate the results obtained by the other probes. This paper illustrates for the first time of the use of a composite sensor array (CSA) that truly inte...
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