Abstract
AbstractNanoparticles (NPs) developments advance innovative biomedical applications. However, complex interactions and the low colloidal stability of NPs in biological media restrict their widespread utilization. The influence of NPs properties on the colloidal stability for gold NPs with 5 and 40 nm in diameter with two surface modifications, methoxy‐polyethylene glycol‐sulfhydryl (PEG) and citrate, in NaCl and human serum albumin (HSA) protein solution, is investigated. This study is based on small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) methods allowing the in‐situ monitoring of interactions in physiological conditions. The PEG coating provides high colloidal stability for NPs of both sizes. For 5 nm NPs in NaCl solution, a stable 3D self‐assembled body‐centered cubic (BCC) arrangement is detected with an interparticle distance of 20.7 ± 0.1 nm. In protein solution, this distance increases to 21.9 ± 0.1 nm by protein penetration inside the ordered structure. For citrate‐capped NPs, a different mechanism is observed. The protein particles attach to the NPs surfaces, and an appropriate concentration of proteins results in a stable suspension. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (Cryo‐TEM), UV–visible spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) support the SAXS results. The findings will pave the way to design and synthesize NPs with controlled behaviors in biomedical applications.
Highlights
Introduction early stage ofNPs interactions with competing particles and identifying the driving forces in NPs aggregation and corona forma-The application of NPs expand in various domains of human life tion
The high electron density of gold NPs provides an enormous scattering contrast compared to polyethylene glycol-sulfhydryl (PEG) and human serum albumin (HSA); in small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experimental patterns, the direct contribution of PEG is neglected
This study investigates the effects of NPs size, NP surface modification, and protein concentration on gold NPs colloidal stability
Summary
BioPure gold Nanospheres, monodispersed and unaggregated colloids, were purchased from nanoComposix (San Diego, CA, USA) and used without further purification. The initial concentration was 1 mg mL−1. Spherical NPs with two sizes, 5 and 40 nm in diameter, with two different surface modifications, citrate, and PEG 5 kDa, were used to study the effect of NPs size and surface modification on NPs behavior in the biological environment. The NPs with 5 nm in diameter had a comparable diameter with HSA particles.[17] The NPs samples were diluted to desired concentrations just before each experiment with deionized (DI) water, and measurements were done 10 min after sample preparation
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