In situ growth of Prussian blue nanocubes on polypyrrole nanoparticles: facile synthesis, characterization and their application as fiber optic gas sensor

Abstract

Polypyrrole (PPy) and polypyrrole/Prussian blue (PPy–PB) nanocomposite-based fiber optic gas sensors are developed for gas sensing application. Prussian blue (PB) nanocubes are successfully grown on polypyrrole (PPy) nanoparticles by in situ oxidative polymerization method to obtain PPy–PB nanocomposite. PPy and PPy–PB are evaluated based on structural, morphological and electrical properties. The characteristic peaks present in the FTIR spectra of pure PPy and PB nanoparticles are also present in the FTIR spectrum of PPy–PB nanocomposite with small shifts in the absorption maximum. The XRD pattern reveals the semicrystalline structure of PPy–PB nanocomposite with an average crystallite size of 22 nm, and the morphology (FESEM) shows the formation of PB nanocubes over PPy matrix. AC conductivity measurements show slight improvement in the conductivity value of PPy–PB in comparison with PPy. Dielectric studies in the frequency range of 50 Hz–5 MHz reveal that PPy–PB nanocomposite is a high-k dielectric material. At 50 Hz, PPy–PB exhibits high dielectric constants of 1149 and 766 with low dielectric loss values of 9.9 and 4.6 at 150 and 120 °C, respectively. Further, their application as fiber optic gas sensors in sensing various gases is studied using fiber optic technique. The spectral response is studied for various concentrations (0–500 ppm) of ammonia, acetone and ethanol gases at room temperature. The study shows that the spectral intensity increases linearly with different concentrations of all gases. The clad-modified fiber optic sensor with PPy–PB nanocomposite exhibits enhanced sensitivity for ethanol than clad-modified fiber optic sensor with PPy nanoparticles. TGA studies reveal the high thermal stability of PPy–PB nanocomposite. Hence, PPy–PB-based fiber optic sensors can be used to sense toxic ethanol vapor not only at room temperature but also in a composite environment where a temperature variation is expected.