Abstract
Among additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, the laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) is one of the most important technologies to produce metallic components. The layer-wise build-up of components and the complex process conditions increase the probability of the occurrence of defects. However, due to the iterative nature of its manufacturing process and in contrast to conventional manufacturing technologies such as casting, L-PBF offers unique opportunities for in-situ monitoring. In this study, two cameras were successfully tested simultaneously as a machine manufacturer independent process monitoring setup: a high-frequency infrared camera and a camera for long time exposure, working in the visible and infrared spectrum and equipped with a near infrared filter. An AISI 316L stainless steel specimen with integrated artificial defects has been monitored during the build. The acquired camera data was compared to data obtained by computed tomography. A promising and easy to use examination method for data analysis was developed and correlations between measured signals and defects were identified. Moreover, sources of possible data misinterpretation were specified. Lastly, attempts for automatic data analysis by data integration are presented.
Highlights
Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies started as manufacturing instruments for prototyping applications in the late 1980s [1,2]
Influence of Processing Parameters Analysed by μCT and Metallography
In addition to defect development, the melt pool depth and shape was influenced by the differences in volumetric energy density (VED), which is exemplified by the melt pool depth and shape was influenced by the differences in VED, which is exemplified by the thewhite whitelines linesininFigure
Summary
Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies started as manufacturing instruments for prototyping applications in the late 1980s [1,2]. The further development eventually has enhanced its capability for real part production of metallic components using several applicable alloys, such as different titanium, aluminum, steel and nickel base alloys [3,4,5]. Among AM technologies, the laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) is one of the most important technologies to produce metallic components [2,6]. The increasing interest of several industries, aerospace and medical, and governmental investments boosted the efforts of academia as well as research and development departments to improve the capability of these technologies [2]. For small and medium lot sizes, L-PBF is Metals
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