Abstract
Amelogenin proteins play a critical role in controlling crystal growth and orientation into highly organized calcium phosphate (Ca–P) minerals during tooth enamel formation. However, real-time observations for understanding the kinetics and mechanisms of Ca–P surface crystallization and its modulation by amelogenin have been lacking. We monitor the kinetics of the (100) surface growth of octacalcium phosphate (OCP) with precisely defined thermodynamic driving forces in the presence of amelogenin’s C-terminus peptides inside a fluid cell of an atomic force microscope with a controlled near-physiological environment. During in situ growth via a nonclassical particle attachment pathway, an obviously elongated aggregation of Ca–P nanoparticles induced by the assembly of amelogenin’s C-termini was observed. The nanostructured fibrous assemblies, reminiscent of extracellular matrix, are able to bind Ca–P nanoparticles and direct OCP mineralization. This was analyzed and rationalized through single-molecule dete...
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