Abstract
IncX3 plasmids are correlated with the dissemination and acquisition of carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae and have been prevalent in China over the last 10 years. Since the distribution characteristics of IncX3 plasmids across China as well as their evolutionary traits for 10 years remain unclear, here we conducted a retrospective literature review and in silico comparative analysis of IncX3 plasmids in publicly available IncX3 plasmid genomes. IncX3 plasmids distributed in 17 provinces or cities were extracted for analysis, which tend to be specifically associated with hospital-isolated Escherichia coli ST410 from phylogroup A. Although the backbones of IncX3 plasmids have remained highly conservative over the last 10 years, the blaNDM resistance genetic contexts on these plasmids could fall into five subtypes, among which AR_N1_I has been identified in Enterobacter cloacae174 chromosome and AR_N5_I was simultaneously located on IncF and IncA/C plasmids. This suggests that the blaNDM resistance gene environment can spread between different plasmids, between different bacterial genera, or between strains and plasmids, highlighting that it is imperative to adopt more stringent infection control measures targeting IncX3 plasmid spread.
Highlights
IncX3 plasmids were discovered 10 years ago, since Ho et al (2012) first isolated the blaNDM/IncX3 plasmid pNDM-HN380 in China in 2011
The current study using published literature about IncX3 plasmids isolated from China and the IncX3 plasmid complete gene sequence deposited in NCBI was presented (i) to describe the prevalence of IncX3 plasmids across China over approximately 10 years, (ii) to identify the genetic context of IncX3 plasmids to further clarify the mechanisms related to antibiotic resistance gene transfer, and (iii) to explore the diversity of IncX3 plasmids and refine the IncX3 subgroup
IncX3 plasmids are the most prevalent in E. coli and K. pneumoniae but sparse in other Enterobacteriaceae, where phylogroup A and ST410 E. coli isolated from patients seems to be the preferred host for IncX3 plasmids, highlighting that more infection control measures should be the target at these emerging specific associations between plasmids and bacterial clones
Summary
IncX3 plasmids were discovered 10 years ago, since Ho et al (2012) first isolated the blaNDM/IncX3 plasmid pNDM-HN380 in China in 2011. The current study using published literature about IncX3 plasmids isolated from China and the IncX3 plasmid complete gene sequence deposited in NCBI was presented (i) to describe the prevalence of IncX3 plasmids across China over approximately 10 years, (ii) to identify the genetic context of IncX3 plasmids to further clarify the mechanisms related to antibiotic resistance gene transfer, and (iii) to explore the diversity of IncX3 plasmids and refine the IncX3 subgroup. This project provided an excellent opportunity to facilitate the understanding
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