In search of success factors for a sustainable macro entrepreneurship and enterprise education policy: evidence from the European Union

This paper posits that functional business and entrepreneurship education in Nigeria universities is a panacea for entrepreneurship development in Nigeria. The paper took a cursory look on the concept of functional education, business education, entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurship development. The paper reviewed the business and entrepreneurship education programmes as reflected in the National Universities Commission Core Curriculum minimum Academic Standards (NUC CCMAS). The paper highlighted the nexus between the philosophies, objectives, unique features, employability and 21st century skills of the programmes. The paper discussed that functional Business and entrepreneurship education has the potentials of promoting entrepreneurship development in Nigeria since it could lead to the acquisition of skills for identifying viable investment opportunities, proper marketing, financial management, proper management and avoidance of business failure. It could also enable individuals to become capable of living in the society and to contribute towards its economic development. Challenges of business and entrepreneurship education were discussed and the paper concluded that for Nigeria to achieve sustainable economy and become one of the most developed nations of the world, entrepreneurship development through functional business and entrepreneurship education is a must. The paper recommended among others that qualified business and entrepreneurship educators should be recruited, trained and re-trained in the area of entrepreneurship development, and the management of Universities should partner with industries to enable lecturers and students acquire practical experience to bridge the gap between theory and practice.

Nowadays public business innovation is looked as a new engine of economic development of China. In order to adapt to the change of environment and the demand of society, many universities have opened the cou rse of entrepreneu rship education successively. The entrepreneurship education in most Chinese Universities is government-driven, employment-oriented. This kind of education cannot reflect the students' initiative and cannot meet the needs of the students. This article puts forward a university entrepreneu rship education system designing based on two-way driver. This system has the characters such as two-way drive, targeted; hierarchical design, distributary training; rich curriculum, complete system. At the last, it offers some problems which should be paid attention to.

This article examines the current characteristics of Entrepreneurship Education (EE) at German universities. We first assess the degree of alignment between course objectives and corresponding contents on an individual course level. As a result, we find a low degree of alignment. In the second part of our analysis we show that the German universities in our sample predominantly use internal funds for their EE courses (75%), followed by external state funding (12%) which mostly stems from German federal sources. Moreover, a third of the sample shows a funding mix, with the majority attracting half of their budget from one or two external sources. In the final part of our analysis we assess the implication of the funding type on the design of EE and are able to show characteristic course profiles for two funding types. Overall, this article demonstrates that types of funding are key drivers for EE design, a fact that hitherto has not been accounted for.

Business education is an education with the ultimate philosophy of training students for self employment. Also, the ultimate goal of introducing entrepreneurship education in our tertiary institution is to produce graduates with great intention to establish self business and self sustained and reduce unemployment. It is glaring from the foregoing that business education is a programme that promotes entrepreneurship because it equipped its recipients with necessary skills for discovering viable business windows and opportunities, business management, financial management, product marketing and other skills needed for business survival. Despite the importance of these programmers, graduate are still not interesting in business establishment thereby increasing the rate of unemployment in the country. This paper therefore seeks to answer the question “what then is the impact of business and entrepreneurship education on the growth of small and medium scale enterprises and reduction of unemployment. To achieve this, three specific purposes and three research questions guided the study. A total of 375 respondents consisting of 350 graduates and 25 entrepreneurs responded to the questionnaire developed and validated by the researcher and data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation. The findings revealed that through business and entrepreneurship education, skills such as ability to identify business windows and opportunities; conducting feasibility studies; writing business plan; marketing products or services; managing business entity effective using management strategies; managing financial records of a business outfit; using ICT facilities to conduct business and as well communicate effectively with clients are acquired. It was found that business and entrepreneurship education have the potentials of ensuring the growth of small and medium scale enterprises and reduction of graduate unemployment in the country. It was concluded that business and entrepreneurship education impact the growth of SMEs and helps to reduce unemployment but the reason for the current state of SME sector may not be unconnected to the unfavourable business environment which discourage many graduates to establish small businesses despite the acquired skills. It was recommended among other things that government should create enabling environment for businesses to triumph.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of enterprise education on students’ understanding of and attitudes to entrepreneurship and enterprise education in initial teacher education. Design/methodology/approach – This paper builds on current literature by introducing student teachers to the theory and practice of entrepreneurship and enterprise education, with a particular focus on experience-based approaches. Quantitative and qualitative data are used to evaluate student understanding and attitudes. Findings – Findings indicate that exposing student teachers to entrepreneurship and enterprise education specifically targeted at their subject area greatly increases their understanding of its importance and relevance. Students developed their ability to think and act in enterprising ways while recognising the benefits of incorporating enterprise education into their classrooms of the future. Originality/value – While literature on the value of entrepreneurship and enterprise education outside of business contexts is widespread, relatively few studies have been conducted which examine the impact of interventions in initial teacher education. This paper provides a unique look at the implementation of an entrepreneurship in education module and its impact on student teachers.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: Universities and other higher educational institutions play an increasingly important role in providing entrepreneurship education, training, and technical assistance to existing and potential entrepreneurs. The purpose of this paper is twofold: firstly, to investigate students’ perceptions and willingness to set up their own business and secondly, to discuss the role of universities in developing enterprise education in Poland, focusing on the case of Warsaw School of Economics in Poland. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: This paper is based on the results of a survey of students studying at Warsaw School of Economics in Warsaw – Poland (SGH). The research used online survey to collect primary data. The respondents were undergraduate students who obligatory participated in the module: Management. The fulfilment of the questionnaire was voluntarily; email and sms with a link to a survey was sent to 148 students. The success rate of fillings was 93. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: Basing on the lack of entrepreneurship education by referring to secondary data it was important to assess the entrepreneurial spirit amongst SGH students. The literature review was carried out to analyse the current developments in this field. RESEARCH RESULTS: The research outcomes revealed that the majority of the university students were optimistic and interested in starting their own business but after getting few years of working experience which will enable them to deepen their knowledge and feel comfortably within business environment. There is only 14% of students who would like to set up their own business directly after graduation. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Overall, the study indicated a need for enterprise education, at programme and course levels, to nurture entrepreneurship among students in Poland. Very few studies have examined university students’ attitude to entrepreneurship and enterprise education in Poland. This study helps in bridging that gap.

The purpose of this article is to explore different themes within entrepreneurship education via the use of a systematic literature review (SLR). Systematic literature reviews are recognized methods for conducting evidence-based policy. The particular approach to the SLR used in this study is explained and the article explores the findings outlining a thematic framework drawn from narrative coding. The findings support the conclusion that entrepreneurship education has had an impact on student propensity and intentionality. What is unclear is the extent to which such education impacts on the level of graduate entrepreneurship or whether it enables graduates to become more effective entrepreneurs. The findings also highlight a lack of consensus on what entrepreneurship or enterprise education actually `is' when implemented in practice.

Depuis notre première conférence CREE-2019 (Communauté de Recherche en Education Entrepreneuriale) à IUT-Roanne, nous avons essayé de promouvoir le dialogue entre les différentes parties-prenantes sur l’utilité des recherches autour de l’éducation en entrepreneuriat. Ainsi, différents groupes de discussion composés des chercheurs, praticiens et financeurs mais aussi des acteurs publics ont été formés pour échanger autour de cette thématique. Pour ce numéro spécial consacré à l’éducation entrepreneuriale, nous nous sommes entretenus avec Peter Baur de la Commission Européenne et Stéphan Vincent-Lancrin de l’OCDE, tous les deux experts en éducation et plus particulièrement intéressés par l’éducation en entrepreneuriat. Notre discussion est d’abord centrée sur la définition et les objectifs recherchés, puis nous développons la question de l’évaluation de ces nombreux dispositifs, pour finir par le rôle des professeurs et la façon dont nous pourrions les soutenir et par conséquent avoir des cours en entrepreneuriat de plus en plus efficaces.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to suggest that the international financial and economic crisis in 2008 produced a new economic era with significant implications for enterprise and entrepreneurship education. It aims to explore the changing influences on entrepreneurship education and learning, what is the new era in entrepreneurship, the consequences of changing economic, social and cultural movements, and how entrepreneurship education and learning can respond to these challenges.Design/methodology/approachThe research approach is informed by practitioner‐based educational enquiry, reflective practice and research, education and participation with groups of universities, educators, students, entrepreneurs and other groups during the economic crisis.FindingsThe paper proposes that the nature of entrepreneurship is changing in response to social and cultural movements in the new economic era. Ethical and environmental concerns are creating a discourse of responsible entrepreneurship informed by social entrepreneurship. The paper conceptualises this as the shift from an “old” to a “new” entrepreneurship.Practical implicationsImplications for the future development of enterprise and entrepreneurial education are presented, referring to the factors shaping change, including the social and economic context, learners, learning and teaching, and institutional change.Originality/valueThe paper presents new thinking on the future challenges and directions for entrepreneurship and related education in the context of fundamental economic change.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore current entrepreneurship and enterprise education policy in the UK. The way is which such education is defined and conceptualised in current policy discourse is discussed. The key question addressed in the paper is whether policy makers are expecting too much from current entrepreneurship provision in UK HE. Design/methodology/approach – This is a conceptual, perspective style paper, drawing mainly on entrepreneurship and enterprise education policy documents in the UK as well as related reports and academic literatures mainly published within the last decade. As such, its main intention is to prompt further debate and research in this area. Findings – The paper helps further our understanding of entrepreneurship and enterprise education as portrayed in current policy documents, and suggests that expectations of outcomes from its inclusion in higher education (HE) may have spiralled beyond what is both realistic and possible. The author argues for a more r...

In recent years, there has been significant global growth in the use of entrepreneurship education (EE), predominantly in higher education. Producing entrepreneurs and developing entrepreneurial capabilities is now considered an economic priority and teaching high-impact entrepreneurship has become an important role for universities (Office of the Chief Scientist, 2015). It has been argued that EE should begin as early as possible (World Economic Forum, 2009) and that reshaping education and training policies will help narrow the widening skills students require in an ever-evolving global economy (World Economic Forum, 2016, p. 24). EE programs can assist students in developing the crucial enterprise skills that 21st-century employers are seeking, including creativity, problem-solving, and teamwork (FYA, 2016; Queensland Curriculum & Assessment Authority [QCAA], 2015). There is thus a need for more Australian studies investigating EE at the secondary school level. Australia currently has no widely implemented entrepreneurship programs offered by schools. There are, however, a small number of national programs run by external providers and implemented in schools, including the Club Kidpreneur Challenge, aimed at upper primary students (Club Kidpreneur Foundation, 2017) and the secondary-themed $20 Boss program (FYA, 2017). Given this contextual background, this study addresses the central research question: What are the key elements of externally provided EE programs? After examination of the literature, self-efficacy, knowledge and student experience were identified as playing key roles in the success of EE programs. Therefore, the three sub-questions that guided the collection and analysis of the data were: (1) Are there changes in students’ self-efficacy after participating in externally provided EE programs? (2) Are there changes in students’ knowledge after participating in externally provided EE programs? (3) How do students describe their experiences in externally provided EE programs? The results were then used to inform the identification and discussion of the key design elements used in externally provided EE programs and to propose an EE program model. These design elements included: pedagogical approach (delivery mode), knowledge (content) experiences, topics, learning outcomes, supporting materials and timeframe. Two cases are examined in this study using a mixed method approach – the first is the $20 Boss Program offered to Year 10 students, an in-class, teacher-delivered approach designed by FYA. The second case is the GLO@Logan Entrepreneurial Innovation Challenge, a 3-day initiative conducted by Griffith University at its Logan campus for Year 9 students. Exciting avenues for the development of secondary school EE programs arise from the findings presented in this thesis. As a study positioned within the secondary school context, this thesis has implications for teaching, learning, and research as it demonstrates that student self-efficacy and learning outcomes can be improved through EE via the integration of pedagogical approaches such as PBL. Past literature suggests PBL helps reduce classroom hierarchical barriers, resulting in students taking ownership of their learning (Huq & Gilbert, 2017). Given that students’ value of entrepreneurship increased following both case studies, it could be argued that exposure to EE – no matter the duration of the program – can have a positive impact on students’ knowledge and attitudes. Additionally, students were more confident in presenting to others and managing budgets after partaking in $20 Boss. Given the importance of EE, and particularly 21st-century enterprise skills more generally, it is clear that there is a need for the informed design of EE programs, within and outside of school. The application of this research serves as a pilot study for wider research into EE approaches at a secondary school level. Importantly, this thesis makes recommendations about what salient elements of the EE programs examined can be advanced as essential elements of future EE programs at the secondary school level. In advancing these salient elements of EE programs, this thesis serves as a stepping stone in reshaping the secondary curriculum to help prepare the next generation for the 21st-century workforce and beyond.

This chapter aims to master entrepreneurship education in global business, thus illustrating the theoretical and practical overview of entrepreneurship education; entrepreneurship education and human capital; entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial self-efficacy; the significance of entrepreneurship education in global business; and the application of entrepreneurship education in global business. The potential of entrepreneurship education is meaningful for modern organizations that seek to provide suppliers and customers, increase business performance, establish competitiveness, and achieve consistent prosperity in global business. Thus, it is important for modern organizations to investigate their entrepreneurship education applications, create an educational plan to determine their practical accomplishments, and directly respond to entrepreneurship education needs of customers. The chapter argues that mastering entrepreneurship education has the potential to facilitate entrepreneurship education success and gain competitive advantage in global business.

The European Union (EU) considers the learning of entrepreneurial skills to be an essential factor in creating welfare. Therefore, in the EU, one of the latest core aspects is to develop entrepreneurship education in teacher education. However, entrepreneurship education still seems to be, across the countries, a quite uncommon theme. This article describes the ways in which entrepreneurship education is included in the curricula of Finnish teacher training. The curricula for academic and vocational teacher education were obtained in autumn 2010, either online or by requesting them in paper or electronic format. The inclusion of entrepreneurship education has developed relatively effectively in the curricula of vocational teacher education units. Academic teacher education units have not really increased the quantity of entrepreneurship education in their curricula. In the curricula of the teacher training schools, entrepreneurship education is mentioned at least as a formality. The current unstable situation in the EU requires not only economic arrangements, but also new approaches in other areas, such as education and its reform. As an implication for practice, we propose there could be more support for curriculum design of higher education at both national and EU level.

There is general agreement that attitudes towards the entrepreneurial activity, and its social function is determinant factors for university students to decide an entrepreneurial career. This study focuses on the impact of entrepreneurship education on student’s motivation and skills towards enterprise education in Mardan. The study was conducted to find out the attitude, motivation, and skills of young student’s towards starting a business. The aim of this study is to find out the impact of entrepreneurial education on students and their motivation and skills towards entrepreneurship in Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan. Data has been collected from a sample of 90 students of Management Sciences Department at AWKUM in Mardan through questionnaires. Data were collected only from Bachelors and Master’s Program Students of Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan. The result reveals that entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship education is having an impact on student’s motivation and skills.

As the global diffusion of entrepreneurship education continues, along with increasing investment in, and expectations of, educational initiatives, it has become important to articulate what we are teaching and why, along with the specifics of where, how, and to whom. Yet, despite a growing consensus about what constitute the entrepreneurial activities and competencies required to start a new venture, there has been little agreement regarding the content of entrepreneurship education, or how learning should be delivered (Bygrave 2007, TheHandbook of Qualitative Research Methods in Entrepreneurship, 17–48. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited; Edelman, Manolova, and Brush 2008, Entrepreneurship Education: Correspondence Between Practices of Nascent Entrepreneurs and Textbook Prescriptions for Success. Academy of Management Learning and Education 7(1):56–70; Honig, Davidsson, and Karlsson 2005, Learning strategies of nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Competence-based Management 1(3):67–88; Mwasalwiba 2010, Entrepreneurship Education: A Review of Its Objectives, Teaching Methods, and Impact Indicators. Education+Training 52(1):20–47). Clearly, the purpose of any education, the “why” for the teacher, shapes the content, the “what”, and the method, the “how”. But what about the personal “how” and “why” for the learner? Sarasvathy’s theory of effectuation (Sarasvathy 2001, Causation and effectuation: Toward a theoretical shift from economic inevitability to entrepreneurial contingency. Academy of Management Review 26(2):243–63; 2008, New Horizons in Entrepreneurship, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar) has led educators to consider how an entrepreneur’s personal resources and resourcefulness can and should alter their how. Scholars are now sharing pedagogical approaches for motivating that type of learning (Fletcher and Watson 2007, Entrepreneurship, Management Learning and Negotiated Narratives: ‘Making it Otherwise for Us – Otherwise for Them’. Management Learning 38(1):9–26; Gibb 2011, Concepts into practice: meeting the challenge of development of entrepreneurship educators around an innovative paradigm – the case of the International Entrepreneurship Educators’ Programme (IEEP). International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research 17(2):146–165; Kyrö2008, A Theoretical Framework for Teaching and Learning Entrepreneurship. International Journal of Business and Globalisation 2(1):39–55; Ollila and Williams Middleton 2011, The Venture Creation Approach: Integrating Entrepreneurial Education and Incubation at the University. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management 13(2):161–78). However, little research has addressed the personal why for the entrepreneurial learner (Rae 2005, Entrepreneurial Learning: A Narrative-Based Conceptual Model. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 12(3):323–35; Rigg and O’Dwyer 2012, Becoming an entrepreneur: researching the role of mentors in identity construction. Education + Training 54(4):319–329). In this paper, we seek to fill this gap by exploring how entrepreneurship educators can facilitate the personalized learning to develop the Know Why for nascent entrepreneurs in the process of becoming entrepreneurial. We combine theories of entrepreneurship practice, education, and learning to propose a model for entrepreneurial Know Why. We utilize a case study of an entrepreneurship program applying a learning-through-venture-creation approach to identify a pedagogical approach in which learning entrepreneurial Know Why is facilitated. Thus, the purpose of this paper is twofold: to contribute to the theory of entrepreneurial learning and to contribute to the pedagogy for entrepreneurship, by explaining the meaning and significance of the entrepreneurial Know Why and by describing an educational approach that facilitates its development.