Abstract
The removal of uremic toxins from patients with acute kidney injury is a key issue in improving the quality of life for people requiring peritoneal dialysis. The currently utilized method for the removal of uremic toxins from the human organism is hemodialysis, performed on semipermeable membranes where the uremic toxins, along with small molecules, are separated from proteins and blood cells. In this study, we describe a mixed-linker modulated synthesis of zirconium-based metal–organic frameworks for efficient removal of uremic toxins. We determined that the efficient adsorption of uremic toxins is achieved by optimizing the ratio between −amino functionalization of the UiO-66 structure with 75% of −NH2 groups within organic linker structure. The maximum adsorption of hippuric acid and 3-indoloacetic acid was achieved by UiO-66-NH2 (75%) and by UiO-66-NH2 (75%) 12.5% HCl prepared by modulated synthesis. Furthermore, UiO-66-NH2 (75%) almost completely adsorbs 3-indoloacetic acid bound to bovine serum albumin, which was used as a model protein to which uremic toxins bind in the human body. The high adsorption capacity was confirmed in recyclability test, which showed almost 80% removal of 3-indoloacetic acid after the third adsorption cycle. Furthermore, in vitro cytotoxicity tests as well as hemolytic activity assay have proven that the UiO-66-based materials can be considered as potentially safe for hemodialytic purposes in living organisms.
Highlights
Acute kidney injury (AKI), formerly defined as acute renal failure, is a serious disease in which disorders in the glomerular filtration rate lead to the accumulation of the products of metabolisms in the human body.[1]
High-crystallinity materials were obtained for mixed-linker UiO-66 synthesis (Figure S1B), and defective UiO-66-NH2 (75%) 25% HCl and UiO-66-NH2 (75%) 12.5% HCl showed no difference in PXRD diffractograms in comparison with the pristine UiO-66 sample and defective UiO-66 X% HCl (Figure S1A)
The influence of mixed-linker synthesis of UiO-66 to obtain UiO-66-NH2 materials varying with the final content of −amino groups together with modulated synthesis with HCl on adsorption efficiency of uremic toxins was investigated in this study
Summary
Acute kidney injury (AKI), formerly defined as acute renal failure, is a serious disease in which disorders in the glomerular filtration rate lead to the accumulation of the products of metabolisms in the human body.[1]. The most commonly used method for the removal of uremic toxins from the organisms of patients with ESRD is hemodialysis (HD). In this process, the patient’s blood passes through semipermeable membranes and the small molecules are separated from proteins and blood cells.[2] The membranes that are currently in use are made of cellulose/modified cellulose, polyamide, or polyacrylonitrile.[2] Apart from HD and transplant methods, a wearable artificial kidney option (WAK) is under intense investigation.[3] The advantage of WAK over conventional hemodialysis methods is the minimization of the need for hospital care, resulting in an improvement in the quality of life of people requiring peritoneal dialysis
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