Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in the regulation of adaptive immune responses, furthermore they act as a bridge between the innate and the adaptive immune systems they have been ideal candidates for cell-based immunotherapy of cancers and infections in humans. The first reported trial using DCs in 1995, since they have been used in trials all over the world for several of indications, including cancer and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Generally, for in vitro experiments or for DCs vaccination monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) were generated from purified monocytes that isolated from peripheral blood by density gradient centrifugation. A variety of methods can be used for enrichment of monocytes for generation of clinical-grade DCs. Herein we summarized up to date understanding of systems and inputs used in procedures to differentiate DCs from blood monocytes in vitro.
Highlights
For more than a century it has been hypothesized that the immune system can be redirected to target malignant cells and cure cancer [1, 2]
In 1973 Steinman discovered a new type of immune cell, the dendritic cell (DCs) [3], which play an important role in the induction of specific immunity
Dendritic cells (DCs) are sentinels of the immune system, as they are deployed throughout the body and monitor their surroundings for antigens and danger signals derived from pathogens or tissue damage
Summary
For more than a century it has been hypothesized that the immune system can be redirected to target malignant cells and cure cancer [1, 2]. DCs are the most potent professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) and play critical roles in regulating the innate and adaptive immune responses [5] In their immature state, DCs mainly reside in lymphoid and peripheral tissues where they recognize and capture antigens and become activated in the presence of foreign pathogens. The most commonly used preparation involves the reinfusion of ex-vivo derived DC pulsed with tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) or tumor cell lysates and stimulated with a defined maturation cocktail and clinical trial results demonstrated encouraging outcome along with safe and well-tolerated in patients with solid tumors [15]. We explored previous and recent years published papers in English indexed in Pubmed from 1967-2020, using key words like Cancer immunotherapy, Generation of DCs, Monocytes presence of a cytokine cocktail and growth factors, DC vaccination and Antigen loading/pulsing method. We will review the molecular markers used to characterize DCs by flow cytometry and antigen loading of moDCs
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