Abstract
In this letter, the in-body and off-body channel models at the frequency of 2.4 GHz are studied for development of multinode leadless capsule pacemaker technology based on experiments in homogeneous liquid phantom model of human heart and living animal experiments. For conducting the experiments, we design a battery-operated self-contained transmitter capsule consisting of a small antenna and transmitter printed-circuit board, subcutaneous implant and the off-body antennas. The in-body path-loss model obtained from the phantom experiment is a linear function of distance, whereas the off-body path-loss model between the implant and the off-body antenna is a logarithmic function of distance comparable to the free-space path-loss model. The phantom experiment study shows that coupling between implants decreases linearly at the rate of 3.6 dB/cm for cardiac implants and by 4.1 dB/cm for cardiac to subcutaneous implant at 2.4 GHz. The animal experiment results are in good accordance with the phantom results.
Highlights
Leadless cardiac pacemaker is an innovative technology that can be a replacement to the widely used pacemaker technology with leads [1]
This is due to the presence of empty spaces and low water content tissues like bones in between the cardiac implant and the sub-cutaneous implant placed inside the shoulder in case of the animal experiment
The results show that the animal experiments closely match with the phantom experiment results
Summary
Leadless cardiac pacemaker is an innovative technology that can be a replacement to the widely used pacemaker technology with leads [1]. There are currently two commercially available leadless pacing systems: the Nanostim leadless cardiac pacemaker (LCP) device (St. Jude Medical, Sylmar, California) [2] and the Micra Transcatheter pacing system (TPS) (Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minnesota) [3]. Jude Medical, Sylmar, California) [2] and the Micra Transcatheter pacing system (TPS) (Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minnesota) [3] Both these technologies offer single-chamber stimulation but the technology providing multi-chamber stimulations and cardiac resynchronization will be an optimum solution [4]. The body is a heterogeneous medium consisting of frequency dependent lossy tissues having different permittivity and conductivity. The research focuses on developing the channel model for cardiac implant to implant communication and cardiac implant to sub-cutaneous implant communication using phantom and living animal experiments.
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