Abstract
In-beam spectroscopy provides many powerful tools for the detailed study of nuclear structure. Over the past two decades the coupling of sensitive in-beam spectrometers to recoil separators has allowed the study of weakly populated reaction channels, such as the fusion-evaporation reactions leading to nuclei beyond fermium (Z = 100). The methods, observables, and limitations of this approach are discussed.
Highlights
With the recent discovery and naming of elements 113, 115, 117(tennessine), and 118 [1, 2] the seventh row of the chemical table of elements is complete, and the search for the first elements of the 8th row has begun [3,4,5,6]
In addition the level density becomes much larger and the separation between shells is not as clear cut as in the atomic case. This leads to the current expectation that the the region of shell-stabilised nuclei owing their relatively long half-lives to large extra binding energies caused by regions of low level density, i.e. the “island of stability”, is a complex two-dimensional region on the nuclear landscape whose shores are extremely sensitive to the details of the underlying single particle structure of both protons and neutrons
The situation is further complicated by the fact that the majority of non-magic nuclei are deformed, which results in a further splitting of the single-particle shells and a dramatic increase in the level density
Summary
With the recent discovery and naming of elements 113 (nihonium), 115 (moscovium), 117. In addition the level density becomes much larger and the separation between shells is not as clear cut as in the atomic case. This leads to the current expectation that the the region of shell-stabilised nuclei owing their relatively long half-lives to large extra binding energies caused by regions of low level density, i.e. the “island of stability”, is a complex two-dimensional region on the nuclear landscape whose shores are extremely sensitive to the details of the underlying single particle structure of both protons and neutrons The situation is further complicated by the fact that the majority of non-magic nuclei are deformed, which results in a further splitting of the single-particle shells and a dramatic increase in the level density.
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