Abstract
The possibility to incorporate impurities in the semiconductor crystal to change its optical and electrical properties is of paramount importance for the applications of semiconductors. The incorporation of an impurity to the semiconductor crystal corresponds to an effective addition of a charge carrier and a charged impurity ion to the system. The impurities will give rise to localized states in the forbidden energy gap. Based on the energy separation between the localized state and the band edge, the impurities are referred to as deep or shallow states.
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