Improving vanadium removal from contaminated river water in constructed wetlands: The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Abstract

Industrial activities pose a significant ecological risk to water resources as they pollute surrounding waters with vanadium (V). Although the contribution of plants and substrates to V removal in constructed wetlands (CWs) has been reported, the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of AMF in V removal in CWs and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Reed plants (Phragmites australis) were inoculated with an AMF strain (Rhizophagus irregularis) in CW columns, creating AMF-inoculated (+AMF) and non-inoculated (-AMF) treatments. Three levels of influent V concentrations (low: 0.50 mg L−1, medium: 1.14 mg L−1 and high: 1.52 mg L−1) were examined. The + AMF treatment showed higher V removal (60%–98%) than the control (40%–82%) in all three conditions, although the difference was not significant in some cases. The mean mycorrhizal effects were 75%, 19%, and 28% for low, moderate, and high influent V concentrations, respectively. The +AMF treatment showed a higher GRSP-bonded V concentration (5.5 mg g−1) than the -AMF treatment (4.0 mg g−1). Furthermore, +AMF treatment showed larger plants with higher V concentrations in their tissues, accompanied by increased biological concentration factors and biological accumulation factors. Given the remarkable positive effect of AMF on V removal, our study suggests that treating AMF in CWs is a worthwhile approach.