Abstract
Existing technologies for the synthesis of active additives to motor fuels are quite complicated. Therefore,improvement of the technology of biodiesel fuel synthesis in order to increase the cetane number and andimprovement of other diesel fuel characteristics with combustion activators is an urgent problem. Raw materialsfor the biodiesel production are vegetable oils methanol and ethanol with the alkaline or acid catalyst usage. Theuse of ethyl esters of long-chain fatty acids of rapeseed oil as biodiesel has a number of advantages comparedwith the methyl ester use [2]. Thus, biodiesel fuel was synthesized by transesterification of rapeseed oil withabsolute ethanol (99.9 %), which was dehydrated with calcium oxide (95 %) freshly prepared, using sodiumethoxide as a catalyst [3]. In order to achieve a high degree of mixing of a heterogeneous system, which consistsof natural oil and ethyl alcohol, a specially synthesized non-ionic emulsifier was used as a reagent. Thetechnological features of this type of a rapeseed oil transesterification process were studied and the maincharacteristics of the new diesel fuels such as fractional composition and molecular mass were estimated usingthe chromatographic method and mass spectrometry. The yield of biodiesel from rapeseed oil increases from 85 -90 % to 95 – 98 % without waste fraction of glycerol (10 – 15 %).
Highlights
Biodiesel (BD), which is a methyl or ethyl esters of higher fatty acids, makes an alternative to petroleum diesel fuel (BF)
According to the current forecasts world biofuel production should increase to 150 million tons by 2030 Since Ukraine is poor in petroleum resources but rich in rapeseed and sunflower oil, biodiesel production is promising for our country
Based on the conducted researches, it was shown that the composition and structure of synthesized biodiesel is significantly different from the composition of the rapeseed oil in the direction of obtaining a more homogeneous composition (2 main fractions-89.6 %) and monodispersed by molecular weight MM BDF C15-C17 = 265 - 333, than petroleum diesel fuel DF (3-4 fractions 95 %) with a molecular weight MM DF C8-C23 = 114324
Summary
Biodiesel (BD), which is a methyl or ethyl esters of higher fatty acids, makes an alternative to petroleum diesel fuel (BF). The best results are achieved when transesterification of natural oils with alcohols, which is based on the chemical reaction between triglycerides of natural oils and methanol or ethanol. Due to the presence of different phases during the reaction, a number of difficulties can be faced Such a process requires more severe reaction conditions, namely higher temperatures (up to 200 °C), higher pressure (up to 25 atm.), Higher catalyst concentrations and more ethanol in ethanol/oil ratio (> 30: 1) in order to achieve the desired ester yield [13]. The selection of new homogeneous catalysts and technological conditions for the biodiesel synthesis by alcoholisis, is an urgent problem
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