Abstract
Two materials with the stoichiometric composition Li3.85Ni0.15Ti5O12and Li3.80Cu0.05Ni0.15Ti5O12were obtained by solid-state reaction using lithium carbonate Li2CO3, titanium oxide TiO2, nickel oxide NiO and copper oxide CuO. The materials were characterized in terms of phase composition, crystal structure as well as cycle performance. Phase composition and crystal structure parameters were determined using X-ray Panalytical Empyrean XRD diffractometer in the range of 10-110° with CuKa radiation. The results were analyzed using Rietveld refinement which was then implemented in the GSAS computer software. The electrochemical properties of the samples were measured by galvanostatic charge/discharge cycles at different rates over a voltage range of 1.0-2.5 V and 0.2-2.5 V. Cyclic voltammetry measurements were also carried out. It was proved that the addition of both Ni and Cu results in high specific capacity of LTO especially at high current rates (2C and 5C). The sample Li3.80Cu0.05Ni0.15Ti5O12delivers superior capacity above 200 mAh·g-1when discharged to 0.2 V.
Highlights
Lithium-ion batteries are considered to be promising energy storage devices and are widely applied in e.g. portable electronic instruments or electric vehicles [1,2,3] because of their high energy and power density as well as long cycle-life [4,5,6]
The specific capacity of anodes based on Li4Ti5O12 is higher when the battery is charged in the voltage range of 2.5 to 0.01 V
Powders were examined by room-temperature x-ray diffraction in order to detect phase composition in the sintered material
Summary
Lithium-ion batteries are considered to be promising energy storage devices and are widely applied in e.g. portable electronic instruments or electric vehicles [1,2,3] because of their high energy and power density as well as long cycle-life [4,5,6]. There are many ways to improve the electronic and ionic conductivity of Li4Ti5O12 It can be done by obtaining nano-materials [7, 14,15,16] doping with metal cations [17,18,19] or composing LTO with carbon [20]. The specific capacity of anodes based on Li4Ti5O12 is higher when the battery is charged in the voltage range of 2.5 to 0.01 V In this case, the theoretical capacity of LTO is limited by the number of tetravalent titanium ions, but not the octahedral or tetrahedral sites to accommodate lithium ions in the voltage range of 2.5 to 0.01 V, corresponding to 293 mAh∙g−1, but not 175 mAh∙g−1 [21]. The electrochemical properties were tested by charge–discharge cycling and cyclic voltammetry
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