Abstract
The issue of intrinsic-type misalignment errors arising from angular offsets between magnets in an undulator is addressed. A random tilt of the magnets or poles generates undesirable magnetic field components in both transverse and longitudinal directions and gives rise to errors in period lengths and amplitudes. These localized errors are carried to the entire undulator segments and are a cause of concern for precision field integral and phase error estimates. A laser interferometer has been designed to read the offsets and to fix the magnets to minimize the offsets.
Highlights
Undulator technology (Takashi, 2015; Pflueger, 2016) has emerged as an important tool in light-source (Hwang et al, 2011; Couprie, 2014), free-electron laser (Couprie, 2014; Jaeschke & Khan, 2020; Couprie, 2013; Huang et al, 2021; Mishra & Sharma, 2020) and inverse free-electron laser accelerator (Duris et al, 2012) applications
An undulator is a periodic arrangement of dipole magnets in the Halbach field configuration that produces a sinusoidal magnetic field
In a light source a relativistic electron beam propagates in a sinusoidal path along the undulator length according to the Lorentz force law and produces synchrotron radiation
Summary
Undulator technology (Takashi, 2015; Pflueger, 2016) has emerged as an important tool in light-source (Hwang et al, 2011; Couprie, 2014), free-electron laser (Couprie, 2014; Jaeschke & Khan, 2020; Couprie, 2013; Huang et al, 2021; Mishra & Sharma, 2020) and inverse free-electron laser accelerator (Duris et al, 2012) applications. Position and angular offsets between the segments giving rise to misalignments between the segments are classified as extrinsic-type errors [Fig. 1(a)] The individual magnet’s position–angle offset and residual field mismatch between magnets gives rise to intrinsic-type undulator errors.
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