Abstract

Calcium phosphate-base materials (e.g., alpha tri-calcium phosphate (α–TCP)) have been shown to promote osteogenic differentiation of stem/progenitor cells, enhance osteoblast osteogenic activity and mediate in vivo bone tissue formation. However, variable particle size and hydrophilicity of the calcium phosphate result in an extremely low bioavailability. Therefore, an effective delivery system is required that can encapsulate the calcium phosphate, improve cellular entry and, consequently, elicit a potent osteogenic response in osteoblasts. In this study, collagenous matrix deposition and extracellular matrix mineralization of osteoblast lineage cells were assessed to investigate osteogenesis following intracellular delivery of α-TCP nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were formed via condensation with a novel, cationic 30 mer amphipathic peptide (RALA). Nanoparticles prepared at a mass ratio of 5:1 demonstrated an average particle size of 43 nm with a zeta potential of +26 mV. The average particle size and zeta potential remained stable for up to 28 days at room temperature and across a range of temperatures (4–37 °C). Cell viability decreased 24 h post-transfection following RALA/α-TCP nanoparticle treatment; however, recovery ensued by Day 7. Immunocytochemistry staining for Type I collagen up to Day 21 post-transfection with RALA/α-TCP nanoparticles (NPs) in MG-63 cells exhibited a significant enhancement in collagen expression and deposition compared to an untreated control. Furthermore, in porcine mesenchymal stem cells (pMSCs), there was enhanced mineralization compared to α–TCP alone. Taken together these data demonstrate that internalization of RALA/α-TCP NPs elicits a potent osteogenic response in both MG-63 and pMSCs.

Highlights

  • Developments in biomaterial, stem cell and nanomedicine technologies are continually improving the quality of tissue-engineered scaffolds [1,2,3,4,5,6]

  • Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed that calcium and phosphate were present in the α-TCP powder (Figure 1B)

  • Formation of tri-calcium phosphate was confirmed on FTIR analysis as the bands present on α-TCP spectrum (Figure 1C) are characteristic of α-TCP, as previously described [31,32]

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Summary

Introduction

Developments in biomaterial, stem cell and nanomedicine technologies are continually improving the quality of tissue-engineered scaffolds [1,2,3,4,5,6]. These applications are limited and do not replicate the innate bone environment [3]. Bergemann et al, (2015) have demonstrated the influence of implant material surface topography on the behavior of primary human osteoblasts [13] This investigation demonstrated that in vitro, micro-structured zirconia surfaces can modulate key bone-related gene expression in human primary osteoblasts, enhancing osseointegration of oral implants. Hu and Olsen (2016) have shown in vitro that osteoblast-derived vascular endothelial growth factor functions as a paracrine factor on osteoblastic lineage cells promoting osteoblastic maturation and mineralization [14]

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