Improving the Efficacy of Cognitive Training for Digital Mental Health Interventions Through Avatar Customization: Crowdsourced Quasi-Experimental Study.

Max Valentin Birk,Regan Lee Mandryk

doi:10.2196/10133

Abstract

BackgroundThe success of internet-based mental health interventions in practice—that is, in the wild—depends on the uptake and retention of the application and the user’s focused attention in the moment of use. Incorporating game-based motivational design into digital interventions delivered in the wild has been shown to increase uptake and retention in internet-based training; however, there are outstanding questions about the potential of game-based motivational strategies to increase engagement with a task in the moment of use and the effect on intervention efficacy.ObjectiveDesigners of internet-based interventions need to know whether game-based motivational design strategies can increase in-the-moment engagement and thus improve digital interventions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 1 motivational design strategy (avatar customization) in an example mental health intervention (computerized cognitive training for attention bias modification).MethodsWe assigned 317 participants to either a customized avatar or an assigned avatar condition. After measuring state anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), we randomly assigned half of the participants in each condition to either an attentional retraining condition (Attention Bias Modification Training) or a control condition. After training, participants were exposed to a negative mood induction using images with strong negative valance (International Affective Picture System), after which we measured state anxiety again.ResultsAvatar customization decreased posttraining state anxiety when controlling for baseline state anxiety for those in the attentional retraining condition; however, those who did not train experienced decreased resilience to the negative mood induction (F1,252=6.86, P=.009, ηp2=.027). This interaction effect suggests that customization increased task engagement with the intervention in the moment of use. Avatar customization also increased avatar identification (F5,252=12.46, P<.001, R2=.23), regardless of condition (F1,252=.79, P=.38). Avatar identification reduced anxiety after the negative mood induction for participants who underwent training but increased poststimulus anxiety for participants who did not undergo training, further suggesting that customization increases engagement in the task (F1,252=6.19, P=.01). The beneficial effect of avatar customization on training was driven by participants who were low in their basic satisfaction of relatedness (F10,248=18.5, P<.001, R2=.43), which is important because these are the participants who are most likely in need of digital interventions for mental health.ConclusionsOur results suggest that applying motivational design—specifically avatar customization—is a viable strategy to increase engagement and subsequently training efficacy in a computerized cognitive task.

Highlights

BackgroundInternet-based mental health interventions are necessary to address a growing gap between an increased demand for treatment of mental health issues and the capacity of traditional therapeutic approaches to meet this growing demand [1]
The beneficial effect of avatar customization on training was driven by participants who were low in their basic satisfaction of relatedness (F10,248=18.5, P
Our results suggest that applying motivational design— avatar customization—is a viable strategy to increase engagement and subsequently training efficacy in a computerized cognitive task. (J Med Internet Res 2019;21(1):e10133) doi:10.2196/10133

Summary

Introduction

Success in practice requires uptake (ie, people have to use the applications), retention (ie, people have to use the applications over a long enough term to experience benefits), and demonstrated treatment effects under conditions of practice (ie, the clinical efficacy must translate into less controlled environments with multiple competing demands for a patient’s attention and time) These elements of demonstrated success in practice have been sources of failure for internet-based mental health interventions that have been effective in RCTs but are compromised by low uptake (ie, recruitment challenges [10]), attention (ie, failure to effectively engage participants in the moment of intervention use [11]), and retention (ie, failure in adherence over the medium term [12]) when delivered in the wild. Incorporating game-based motivational design into digital interventions delivered in the wild has been shown to increase uptake and retention in internet-based training; there are outstanding questions about the potential of game-based motivational strategies to increase engagement with a task in the moment of use and the effect on intervention efficacy

Methods

Results

Conclusion