Abstract
A growing body of literature has emerged that examines the contributions of mid-level institutions of accountability (e.g., public ministries, federal police, and electoral courts) in curbing corruption. Notably absent here is the Defensor del Pueblo (ombudsman). This study posits that, under the right conditions, these nonsanctioning bodies have several tools at their disposal that can be leveraged against state actors to reduce corruption. The ombudsman's unique links to the public (or principal) and external actors allow it to function like a “fourth estate,” but the strength of the office to act as an effective deterrent to corruption is endogenous to the system and actors that created this office. This study conducts a two-stage least squares regression analysis for 17 Latin American countries (2000–2011), provides support for these expectations, and suggests that the ombudsman is beginning to deliver on its promise, at least with respect to corruption. Los estudios sobre la corrupción se han enfocado en las contribuciones de las instituciones de nivel medio (por ejemplo: ministerios públicos, la policía federal, y las cortes electorales). No se ha tomado en cuenta el papel jugado por la Defensoría del Pueblo. Este estudio propone que, bajo las condiciones apropiadas, la Defensoría, una agencia que no tiene el poder de sancionar legalmente, puede usar varias herramientas para disminuir la corrupción política. La Defensoría funciona como el ‘cuarto poder’ (“fourth estate”) porque mantiene nexos únicos con el público (el principal) y los actores externos. Sin embargo, el poder de la Defensoría para combatir la corrupción es endógeno al sistema político. Este estudio examina a las contribuciones de la Defensoría usando una regresión de dos fases para 17 países latinoamericanos (2000–2011) y concluye que esta agencia está empezando a tener un impacto positivo cuando se trata de la corrupción política.
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