Improving T1 and T2 magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents through the conjugation of an esteramide dendrimer to high‐water‐coordination Gd(III) hydroxypyridinone complexes

Abstract

Commercial gadolinium magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents are limited by low relaxivity (r₁) and coordination to only a single water molecule (q = 1). Consequently, gram quantities of these agents must be injected to obtain sufficient diagnostic contrast. In this study, MRI contrast agents for T(1) and T₂ relaxivity were synthesized using hydroxypyridinone and terephthalamide chelators with mesityl and 1,4,7-triazacyclononane capping moieties. When covalently conjugated to a highly biocompatible esteramide dendrimer, T₂ relaxation rates up to 52 mm(-1) s(-1) and T₁ relaxation rates up to 31 mm(-1) s(-1) per gadolinium were observed under clinically relevant conditions. These values are believed to be brought about by using a dendritic macromolecule to decrease the molecular tumbling time of the small molecule complexes. These agents also show high aqueous solubility and low toxicity in vitro. In this study we report six new compounds: three discrete complexes and three dendrimer conjugates.