Abstract
Herein, high-energy {001} facets and Sn4+ doping have been demonstrated to be effective strategies to improve the surface characteristics, photon absorption, and charge transport of TiO2 hierarchical nanospheres, thereby improving their photocatalytic performance. The TiO2 hierarchical nanospheres under different reaction times were prepared by solvothermal method. The TiO2 hierarchical nanospheres (24 h) expose the largest area of {001} facets, which is conducive to increase the density of surface active sites to degrade the adsorbed methylene blue (MB), enhance light scattering ability to absorb more incident photons, and finally, improve photocatalytic activity. Furthermore, the SnxTi1−xO2 (STO) hierarchical nanospheres are fabricated by Sn4+ doping, in which the Sn4+ doping energy level and surface hydroxyl group are beneficial to broaden the light absorption range, promote the generation of charge carriers, and retard the recombination of electron–hole pairs, thereby increasing the probability of charge carriers participating in photocatalytic reactions. Compared with TiO2 hierarchical nanospheres (24 h), the STO hierarchical nanospheres with 5% nSn/nTi molar ratio exhibit a 1.84-fold improvement in photodegradation of MB arising from the enhanced light absorption ability, increased number of photogenerated electron–hole pairs, and prolonged charge carrier lifetime. In addition, the detailed mechanisms are also discussed in the present paper.
Highlights
With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, the water pollution problem has gradually threatened human health and received worldwide attention, while how to effectively degrade the organic pollutants of waste water has been a key issue in recent years
How does Sn4+ doping affect the growth and structure of the exposed {001} facets in TiO2 nanomaterials, what synergistic effect will Sn4+ doping and high-energy {001} facets have on the photocatalytic performance of TiO2 nanomaterials, and which doping ratio of Sn4+ is optimal to enhance the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanomaterials with dominant {001} facets, and so on, so many interesting subjects need to be investigated systematically due to the lack of the relevant research in the past
It is likely that the solution is completely reacted after 24 h, so no new TiO2 nanosheets can be formed and self-assemble into TiO2 hierarchical nanospheres
Summary
With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, the water pollution problem has gradually threatened human health and received worldwide attention, while how to effectively degrade the organic pollutants of waste water has been a key issue in recent years. How does Sn4+ doping affect the growth and structure of the exposed {001} facets in TiO2 nanomaterials, what synergistic effect will Sn4+ doping and high-energy {001} facets have on the photocatalytic performance of TiO2 nanomaterials, and which doping ratio of Sn4+ is optimal to enhance the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanomaterials with dominant {001} facets, and so on, so many interesting subjects need to be investigated systematically due to the lack of the relevant research in the past. We first studied the synthesis of Sn4+ doped and nanosheet-based TiO2 hierarchical nanospheres with dominant high-energy {001} facets by a facile one-pot solvothermal method for greatly. NanomHateeriraelsin20, 1w9, e9, 1f6ir0s3t studied the synthesis of Sn4+ doped and nanosheet-based TiO2 hierarc3hoifc1a7l nanospheres with dominant high-energy {001} facets by a facile one-pot solvothermal method for greatly improving their surface characteristics, photon absorption, and charge transport, iemnphraonvciinnggththeeirirsuprhfaocteoccahtaarlayctitceraiscttiicvsi,tpyh. Rheiesrualrtschiincdailcanteadnotshpahtewrehsenowthneerdeactthieonlatirmgeeswt aasre2a4 ho,fth{e00T1i}O2fahcieetrsarcahnidcalshnoawnoesdphtehrees oopwtinmedal tphheoltaordgeegsrtaadraetaioonf a{c0t0iv1i}tyfaocfetms eatnhdylesnheowbleude (tMheBo).pFtuimrtahlerpmhoortoe,daefgterardSant4i+odnopacintigv,ittyheomf mixeedth-cyaletinoen bhliueera(rMchBi)c.aFlunratnhoersmphoerree,safotferSnSnxT4i+1−dxOo2p(inSTg,Ot)hewmeriexefadb-craictaiotendh, iienrawrchhicichalthneanSons4+pdhoerpeisngofeSnnexrTgiy1−lxeOve2l (aSnTdO)suwrfearcee fhabyrdircoaxteydl ,girnouwphhicahdtehfefeScnti4v+eldyobprionagdeenneedrgythelevlieglhat nadbssourrpftaiocen hrayndgroe,xyplrogmrooutpedhtahde egffeencetrivateiloynborfoaedleecntreodnt–hheolleigphat iarsb,soanrpdtiroentarradnegde,thperormecootmedbitnhaetiognenoefraetxiocinteodf eelleeccttrroonns–haonlde hpoailress,, atnhderreebtyaridnecdretahseinrgectohme pbirnoabtaiboinliotyf eoxfcpitheodtoegleecnterorantsedancdhahrogleesc,atrhreierersbypainrtcirceipasaitninggthine pprhoobtoabcailtiatlyyotifc prheaoctotigoennse. raTtehdecrhefaorrgee, catrhrieersSpTaOrticihpiaetrianrgchinicpahl otnoacantoaslpythicerreesactieoxnhsi.bTitheedrefsoirgen, tifhiecaSnTtOlyhieernahrcahnicceadl npahnootsopdheegrreasdeaxthioibnitaecdtisviigtnyicfiocmanptlayreednhtoanthceedpprihsotitnoedeTgiOra2dhaiteioranrachctiicvailtynaconmosppahreerdesto. the pristine TiO2 hierarchical nanospheres
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