Abstract
Application of plant expression systems in the production of recombinant proteins has several advantages, such as low maintenance cost, absence of human pathogens, and possession of complex post-translational glycosylation capabilities. Plants have been successfully used to produce recombinant cytokines, vaccines, antibodies, and other proteins, and rice (Oryza sativa) is a potential plant used as recombinant protein expression system. After successful transformation, transgenic rice cells can be either regenerated into whole plants or grown as cell cultures that can be upscaled into bioreactors. This review summarizes recent advances in the production of different recombinant protein produced in rice and describes their production methods as well as methods to improve protein yield and quality. Glycosylation and its impact in plant development and protein production are discussed, and several methods of improving yield and quality that have not been incorporated in rice expression systems are also proposed. Finally, different bioreactor options are explored and their advantages are analyzed.
Highlights
Production of recombinant protein using plant expression system first dates back to the 1980s when plants’ genetic transformability has been confirmed [1]
It is worth noting that differences in mammalian and plant glycosylation have caused immunogenic response in both mice and human, indicating that further modification may be required for recombinant protein produced using rice expression systems [52,53]
Suspension cells can be grown in isolated environments with controlled medium and hormone supply, and cell division time is shortened to 1–1.5 days [69]
Summary
Production of recombinant protein using plant expression system first dates back to the 1980s when plants’ genetic transformability has been confirmed [1]. Plants have numerous advantages over other expression systems such as intrinsic safety (plants are free of animal pathogens and viruses, and they can be grown without using animal-derived materials), lower production and capital costs, and glycosylation pattern similar to that of humans [5,6,7]. Among these advantages, plants’ ability to perform complex post-translational modification is important because it allows for the production of complicated glycoproteins with glycosylation, which plays major roles in the bioactivity and stability of certain proteins [8,9]. This review focuses on recombinant proteins that have been successfully produced in rice and summarizes different approaches in improving the yield and quality of the proteins
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