Abstract
The slow pyrolysis of macroalgae at moderate temperatures in the reactor used resulted in an oil with a slightly better calorific value than that of the literature, but the other properties were not convincing. Therefore, co-pyrolysis with HDPE offers a way out in this study. However, this did not improve the property profile as a fuel, as the co-pyrolysate was incombustible due to its high water content. Only a mixture of the pyrolysis oil from algae and of the HDPE wax from the initial pyrolysis of HDPE resulted in a diesel-like product: the density was from 807 kg m−3, the viscosity 3.39 mm2 s−1, the calorific value was 46 MJ kg−1, and the oxidation stability was 68 min. The isoparaffin index indicates only a low branching of the paraffins, and therefore a low research octane number of 80. The blend did not need any further stabilizing additives.
Highlights
By 2020, the EU aims to produce 10% of all European fuels from renewable sources [1]
Preliminary tests have shown that mixtures of up to 25% algae pyrolysis oil can be mixed in High-density polyethylene (HDPE) pyrolysis oils by stirring without phase separation
As the pyrolysis oil from macroalgae does not meet the expectations for a fuel with a calorific value of 40–50 MJ kg–1, an attempt was made to increase the calorific value by co-pyrolysis of macroalgae with HDPE
Summary
By 2020, the EU aims to produce 10% of all European fuels from renewable sources [1]. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) could serve as a source of hydrogen for the refining of bio-pyrolysis oil, as it was shown by [19,20] It contains a long linear chain of polymerized ethylene. Slow pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of the organic components of the biomass in the absence of oxygen at moderate temperatures It is traditionally used for the production of charcoal, where the vapors are either released into the atmosphere or burned. HDPE and the macroalga Cladophora glomerata from the Baltic Sea were selected for slow pyrolysis in an unstirred batch reactor under normal pressure Both components are first separated and co-pyrolyzed to investigate synergistic effect in terms of a slow pyrolysis process at low temperature, product yield, and oil properties. Eng. 2022, 10, 131 understanding in relation to the development of applications of (co)pyrolysis products as an energy source and technology with improved value
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