Abstract
The International Maritime Organization has strengthened global environmental regulations related to sulfur and nitrogen oxides contained in ship fuel oil since the beginning of 2020. One strategy to comply with the regulations is to fuel ships with liquefied natural gas (LNG) rather than with traditional heavy fuel oil. China and Japan are both developing a business structure for the bunkering of LNG through public–private partnerships to expand their leadership in the field in Northeast Asia and secure a competitive advantage. Compared to China and Japan, Korea has relatively inadequate laws, policy support, and best practices for safe and efficient LNG bunkering for ships. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the LNG bunkering regulation systems in China and Japan and addresses how these systems can be mirrored by Korea to improve the Korean system. It compares the legislative and normative rules of China and Japan regarding the complex global scenario of maritime transportation. The results show that Korea must revise its guidelines and create the advanced institutional framework required for the LNG bunkering market to support an eco-friendly shipping industry and maintain a competitive edge against China and Japan.
Highlights
IntroductionIn 1997, Chapter 6 of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) was adopted, which took effect in May 2005
In 1997, Chapter 6 of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) was adopted, which took effect in May 2005. It includes regulations on sulfur oxide (SOx) contained in ship fuel oil, nitrogen oxide (NOx) produced in the combustion process of diesel engines, volatile organic compounds contained in cargo oil, garbage incineration on ships, and reduction of greenhouse gases
From a macrolevel perspective, starting in 2013, the Chinese Ministry of Transport has gradually expanded clusters related to the liquefied natural gas (LNG) bunkering business from inland waterways to coastal and deep-sea areas
Summary
In 1997, Chapter 6 of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) was adopted, which took effect in May 2005 It includes regulations on SOx contained in ship fuel oil, nitrogen oxide (NOx) produced in the combustion process of diesel engines, volatile organic compounds contained in cargo oil, garbage incineration on ships, and reduction of greenhouse gases. To minimize the causes of air pollution from ships, the 70th Marine Environment Protection Committee of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) decided in 2016 to lower the limit on the sulfur content in ship fuel oil from 3.5% m/m to 0.5% m/m or less starting in 2020 [1,5,6].
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