Improving Human-Robot Interaction Utilizing Learning and Intelligence: A Human Factors-Based Approach

Abstract

Several decades of development in the fields of robotics and automation have resulted in human–robot interaction is commonplace, and the subject of intense study. These interactions are particularly prevalent in manufacturing, where human operators (HOs) have been employed in numerous robotics and automation tasks. The presence of HOs continues to be a source of uncertainty in such systems, despite the study of human factors, in an attempt to better understand these variations in performance. Concurrent developments in intelligent manufacturing present opportunities for adaptability within robotic control. This article examines relevant human factors and develops a framework for integrating the necessary elements of intelligent control and data processing to provide appropriate adaptability to robotic elements, consequently improving collaborative interaction with human colleagues. A neural network-based learning approach is used to predict the influence on human task performance and use these predictions to make informed changes to programed behavior, and a methodology developed to explore the application of learning techniques to this area further. This article is supported by an example case study, in which a simulation model is used to explore the application of the developed system, and its performance in a real-world production scenario. The simulation results reveal that adaptability can be realized with some relatively simple techniques and models if applied in the right manner and that such adaptability is helpful to tackle the issue of performance disparity in manufacturing operations. Note to Practitioners —This article presents research into the application of intelligent methodologies to this problem and builds a framework to describe how this information can be captured, generated, and used within manufacturing production processes. This framework helps identify which areas require further research and serves as a basis for the development of a methodology, by which a control system may enable adaptable behavior to reduce the impact of human performance variation and improve human–machine interaction (HMI). This article also presents a simulation-based case study to support the development and evaluate the presented control system on a representative real-world problem. The methodology makes use of a machine-learning approach to identify the complex influence of several identified human factors on human performance. This knowledge can be used to adjust the robotic behavior to match the predicted performance of multiple different operators over different scenarios. This adaptability reduces performance disparity by reducing idle times and enabling leaner production through workpiece-in-progress reduction. Future work will focus on expanding the intelligent capabilities of the proposed system to deal with uncertainty and improve decision-making ability.