Abstract
Accelerated development of novel CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing techniques provides a feasible approach to introduce a variety of precise modifications in the mammalian genome, including introduction of multiple edits simultaneously, efficient insertion of long DNA sequences into specific targeted loci as well as performing nucleotide transitions and transversions. Thus, the CRISPR/Cas9 tool has become the method of choice for introducing genome alterations in livestock species. The list of new CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing tools is constantly expanding. Here, we discuss the methods developed to improve efficiency and specificity of gene editing tools as well as approaches that can be employed for gene regulation, base editing, and epigenetic modifications. Additionally, advantages and disadvantages of two primary methods used for the production of gene-edited farm animals: somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT or cloning) and zygote manipulations will be discussed. Furthermore, we will review agricultural and biomedical applications of gene editing technology.
Highlights
The development of CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing tool has revolutionized the field, and led to the modification of livestock genomes with much greater simplicity and efficiency (Urnov et al, 2010; Joung and Sander, 2013; Laible et al, 2015; Lillico et al, 2016; Georges et al, 2019)
This technology allows for modifications that lead to improvements in livestock production traits, animal health, and welfare, generation of more refined large animal models of human diseases, pharmaceutical protein production, and investigating gene function
Several comprehensive reviews discussing gene-editing technology and its current status in livestock are available (Kalds et al, 2019; McFarlane et al, 2019; Kalds et al, 2020; Lee et al, 2020; Menchaca et al, 2020a; Navarro-Serna et al, 2020), we provide an overview of critical landmark events and recent improvements in the CRISPR/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas)[9] field and include a comprehensive literature review focused on the production of gene edited farm animals with specific application to agricultural and biomedical fields
Summary
The development of CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing tool has revolutionized the field, and led to the modification of livestock genomes with much greater simplicity and efficiency (Urnov et al, 2010; Joung and Sander, 2013; Laible et al, 2015; Lillico et al, 2016; Georges et al, 2019). This modified Cas[9] endonuclease has been engineered to increase the efficiency of single point-mutation introduction and specificity to the target gene.
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