Abstract
Fungal glucose oxidase (GOD) is widely employed in the different sectors of food industries for use in baking products, dry egg powder, beverages, and gluconic acid production. GOD also has several other novel applications in chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, and other biotechnological industries. The electrochemical suitability of GOD catalyzed reactions has enabled its successful use in bioelectronic devices, particularly biofuel cells, and biosensors. Other crucial aspects of GOD such as improved feeding efficiency in response to GOD supplemental diet, roles in antimicrobial activities, and enhancing pathogen defense response, thereby providing induced resistance in plants have also been reported. Moreover, the medical science, another emerging branch where GOD was recently reported to induce several apoptosis characteristics as well as cellular senescence by downregulating Klotho gene expression. These widespread applications of GOD have led to increased demand for more extensive research to improve its production, characterization, and enhanced stability to enable long term usages. Currently, GOD is mainly produced and purified from Aspergillus niger and Penicillium species, but the yield is relatively low and the purification process is troublesome. It is practical to build an excellent GOD-producing strain. Therefore, the present review describes innovative methods of enhancing fungal GOD production by using genetic and non-genetic approaches in-depth along with purification techniques. The review also highlights current research progress in the cost effective production of GOD, including key advances, potential applications and limitations. Therefore, there is an extensive need to commercialize these processes by developing and optimizing novel strategies for cost effective GOD production.
Highlights
The electrochemical suitability of glucose oxidase (GOD) catalyzed reactions has enabled its successful use in bioelectronic devices, biofuel cells, and biosensors
Various properties of GOD produced by A. niger are listed in Table 1, including methods that have been reported for stabilizing GOD, the use of additives, and engineering through site-directed or random mutagenesis coupled to expression in heterologous hosts (Table 1)
These nanomaterials have the potential for widespread applications because of their simple, non-chemical separation method (Huang et al, 2003), and high enzyme loading capacity owing to their large surface area in contempt of non-porous nature (Park et al, 2011)
Summary
Glucose oxidase (GOD; β-D-glucose:oxygen 1-oxidoreductase; glucose aerodehydrogenase; E.C. 1.1.3.4.) is a very important oxidoreductase enzyme (flavoprotein). Various properties of GOD produced by A. niger are listed, including methods that have been reported for stabilizing GOD, the use of additives, and engineering through site-directed or random mutagenesis coupled to expression in heterologous hosts (Table 1) Penicillium species such as Penicillium amagasakiense and Penicillium variabile have been appeared to show more invaluable energy for glucose oxidation than A. niger (Kusai et al, 1960; Witt et al, 1998). The GOD modified with hydrophilic polymers via in-situ RAFT polymerization methodology showed higher enzyme bioactivity This efficient technique for the surface modification of enzyme can be applied for the amelioration of other biomolecules, and could envision broad application in varied areas such as biomedicine, food industry, and biotechnology (Xu et al, 2017a).
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