Abstract
Pressurized water systems are designed to guarantee the flow demanded by each user, considering the minimum required pressure. The pressurized water systems have increased water efficiency since their implantation, but they also increased the consumed energy and therefore, the greenhouse gasses emissions. The present manuscript develops the proposal of the sustainable indicators that were selected through deep review. These indicators are related to social-cultural, economic, and environmental criteria. Furthermore as novelty, they were described and applied on a pressurized water network, complementing the energy indexes usually used in the energy audit. To reach the improvement of the sustainability in water systems, new strategies should be developed to improve all sustainability criteria, included the water and energy efficiency. These strategies were developed and analyzed by using of specific hydraulic software (i.e., EPANET) and they were based on operation rules to estimate the hydraulic values (pressure and flow). The operation and the regulation strategies were applied on a particular case study, in which, the energy saving was 12.26%, the cost saving was 15.54%, the reduction of energy footprint of water was 15.04%, and the decrease of GHG was 12.26% although the increase of the distributed volume was 9.07%. Besides, the supply guarantee for both irrigation and urban water distribution systems was increased in the new proposal of water management. Finally, the proposal to replace of a pressure reduction valve by a sustainability recovery machine (e.g., pump working as turbine) contributed with a generation of renewable energy equal to 103,710 kWh/year.
Highlights
The pressurized water systems are designed under pressure and flow requirements, which establish the design and operation of the network
The operation and the regulation strategies were applied on a particular case study, in which, the energy saving was 12.26%, the cost saving was 15.54%, the reduction of energy footprint of water was 15.04%, and the decrease of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) was 12.26% the increase of the distributed volume was 9.07%
The supply guarantee for both irrigation and urban water distribution systems was increased in the new proposal of water management
Summary
The pressurized water systems (drinking and irrigation) are designed under pressure and flow requirements, which establish the design and operation of the network. The irrigation modernization improved the hydraulic efficiency, but the new operation increased the energy consumption as well as the greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). These increases aren‘t considered correct, taking into account the new politics of energy savings (e.g., Kyoto Protocol) and the sustainability requirements embedded in environmental legislation of the European Union (e.g., Directive 2000/60/EC) [3]. These needs should be taken into account in the water resources management. The pressurized water systems and the energy sustainability appear to be confronted, the development of energy optimization strategies is necessary to minimize the used energy in the flow distribution in pressurized water systems [4]
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