Improvement of Earthquake Risk Awareness and Seismic Literacy of Korean Citizens through Earthquake Vulnerability Map from the 2017 Pohang Earthquake, South Korea

Abstract

Earthquake activities in and around the Korean Peninsula are relatively low in number and intensity compared with neighboring countries such as Japan and China. However, recent seismic activity caused great alarm and concern among citizens and government authorities, and uncovered the level of preparedness toward earthquake disasters. A survey has been conducted on 1256 participants to investigate the seismic literacy of Korean citizens, including seismic knowledge, awareness and management using a questionnaire of citizen earthquake literacy (CEL). The results declared that the citizens had low awareness and literacy, which means that they are not properly prepared for earthquake hazards. To develop an earthquake risk reduction plan and program efficiently and effectively, not only must it appropriately characterize the target audience, but also indicate high potential earthquake zones and potential earthquake damage. Therefore, this study mapped and analyzed the seismic vulnerability in southeast Korea using LogitBoost, logistic model tree (LMT), and logistic regression (LR) machine learning algorithms based on a building damage inventory map. The damaged buildings’ locations were generated after the 2017 Pohang earthquake using the damage proxy map (DPM) method from the Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. DPMs detected coherence loss, which indicates damaged buildings in urban areas in the Pohang earthquake and shows a good correlation with the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) report with modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) scale values of more than VII (seven). The damage locations were randomly divided into two datasets: 50% for training the vulnerability models and 50% for validating the models in terms of accuracy and reliability. Fifteen seismic-related factors were used to construct a model of each algorithm. Model validation based on the area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) was used to determine model accuracy. The AUC values of seismic vulnerability maps using the LogitBoost, LMT, and LR algorithms were 0.769, 0.851, and 0.749, respectively. We suggest that earthquake preparedness efforts should focus on reconstruction, retrofitting, renovation, and seismic education in areas with high seismic vulnerability in South Korea. The results of this study are expected to be beneficial for engineers and policymakers aiming at developing disaster risk reduction plans, policies, and programs due to future seismic activity in South Korea.