Abstract
In the present study, a new material has been discovered in the world of natural coagulants and adsorbents to improve drinking water properties. Flaxseed husk was used as a natural coagulant and adsorbent to remove turbidity, natural organic matter and iron from underground water for several wells in Al-Jouf region in the north of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. To remove turbidity and natural organic matter, modified flaxseed husk (MFH) was prepared by addition of aluminum sulfate (AS) to flaxseed husk (FH) after removing mucilage and oil. The characterization of FH shows high specific surface area (125.18 m2/g) with average pore diameter of 26.28 μm. Moreover, FTIR spectra analysis indicated existence of large number of amino groups and another functional group indicated that FH efficiency about removal of turbidity and natural organic matter. The optimum ratio MFH:AS for removal was (80%:40%). Batch experiments were performed as function of process parameters such as slow mixing time, FH dosage and Initial NOM. The removal of turbidity and natural organic matter (NOM) by modified flaxseed husk (MFH) were investigated using a FH dosage of 40 mg.l-1 and 10 mg.l-1 AS which attained a removal efficiency of 98.0 % for turbidity and 99.3 % for NOM at the highest NOM concentration. Also, reduce the iron concentration in drinking water by flaxseed husk ash (FHA) which prepared by burning flaxseed husk at certain temperature was investigated. Batch experiments were performed as function of process parameters such as FHA type, contact time (CT), FHA dosage and initial Fe concentration. The FHA showed a high removal of Fe3+ from aqueous solution. The maximum Fe removal was 90% at FHA200, FHA dose 0.75 g/l and contact time 45 min, The pH value from 7 to 7.8 and the temperature value from 20 to 24 0C. The adsorption equilibrium has been studied by the pseudo first order kinetics model, the pseudo second order kinetics model, Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm, all these models demonstrated the adsorption efficiency of the adsorbent surface behaved in a favorable manner for Fe adsorption
Highlights
THE existence of turbidity and natural organic matter (NOM) in drinking water has received considerable attention in recent decades because it can lead to odor, color and taste problems in addition to formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) [1]
Flaxseed was purchased from a local market and stored at room temperature, the by-product which is the result of pressing flaxseed from an Oil refinery in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. (Al2(SO4)3.16H2O, n-hexane, Whatman filter paper grad 1 and NaHCO3 were purchased from SOMAT-CO, ElRiyadh City
After studying the results shown in Fig. 9. from one minute to 60 minutes, it was founded a several explanations, at the beginning of contact, the rate of iron removal increased, which gradually decreased until it reached the stage of equilibrium, within 30 to 45 minutes
Summary
THE existence of turbidity and natural organic matter (NOM) in drinking water has received considerable attention in recent decades because it can lead to odor, color and taste problems in addition to formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) [1]. Chemical coagulation using aluminum sulphate followed by sedimentation and filtration is the most prevalent sequence in water treatment plants These basic processes are efficient for the removal of colloidal or suspended particles, but the removal of NOM is limited [6]. The majority of freshwater is already underground, represented by soil moisture and aquifers Humans can use both ground and surface water. The presence of these minerals in groundwater varies from place to another depending on the nature of the soil and the depth of the aquifers extracted from it. It was found that the measurements of manganese ratios in the studied wells are 0.1 mg. l-1, i.e. within the permissible range according to the World Health Organization, which specified that manganese should not exceed 5 mg per liter
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