Abstract
ObjectivesTo investigate the effect of partially defatted Granulated Brazil nut (GBN) on biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant status of hypertensive and dyslipidemic patients on nutrition and drug approaches.MethodsNinety one hypertensive and dyslipidemic subjects of both genders (51.6 % men), mean age 62.1 ± 9.3 years, performed a randomized crossover trial, double-blind, placebo controlled. Subjects received a diet and partially defatted GBN 13 g per day (≈227.5 μg/day of selenium) or placebo for twelve weeks with four-week washout interval. Anthropometric, laboratory and clinic characteristics were investigated at baseline. Plasma selenium (Se), plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPx3) activity, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), 8-epi PGF2α and oxidized LDL were evaluated at the beginning and in the end of each intervention.ResultsGBN intake significantly increased plasma Se from 87.0 ± 16.8 to 180.6 ± 67.1 μg/L, increased GPx3 activity in 24,8 % (from 112.66 ± 40.09 to 128.32 ± 38.31 nmol/min/mL, p < 0,05), and reduced 3.25 % of oxidized-LDL levels (from 66.31 ± 23.59 to 60.68 ± 20.88 U/L, p < 0.05). An inverse association between GPx3 and oxidized LDL levels was observed after supplementation with GBN by simple model (β -0.232, p = 0.032) and after adjustment for gender, age, diabetes and BMI (β -0.298, p = 0.008). There wasn’t association between GPx3 and 8-epi PGF2α (β -0.209, p = 0.052) by simple model.ConclusionThe partially defatted GBN intake has a potential benefit to increase plasma selenium, increase enzymatic antioxidant activity of GPx3 and to reduction oxidation in LDL in hypertensive and dyslipidemic patients.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01990391; November 20, 2013.
Highlights
Brazil nut is the food retaining the largest amount of selenium (Se) in its composition [1]
The drop out in the follow-up was higher during supplementation with partially defatted Granulated Brazil nut, but there was no report of withdrawal due to the taste of the supplement
The present study showed that the partially defatted Granulated Brazil nut (13 g/day, providing 227.5 μg) in a serum lipid and blood pressure reduction diet for dyslipdemic and hypertensive patients, increased antioxidant status and reduced oxidative stress
Summary
Brazil nut is the food retaining the largest amount of selenium (Se) in its composition [1]. Se is a key component incorporated to selenoproteins involved in enzymatic functions of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and thyroid hormones metabolism [2, 3]. It was demonstrated that the Brazil nut intake is able to significantly improve glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity on individuals with low plasma Se [4]. GPx is a selenoprotein involved in the dismutation of hydroperoxides. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is part of the human metabolism and is found in many physiological conditions [5]. There is an association between atherosclerosis risk factors and ROS vascular production increase, since the main risk factors are genetics, age, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes and tobacco use [7]
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